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HYDRAULIC TURBINES - ktu.edu.tr

Hydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a1 HYDRAULIC TURBINESI n t r o d u c t i o n :T h e d e v i c e w h i c h c o n v e r t s h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g yo rv i c e v e r s a i s k n o w n a sH y d r a u l i c M a c h i n e h e h yd r a u l i c m a c h i n e sw h i c h c o n v e r t h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y a r e k n o w n a sT u r b i n e sa n d t h a t c o nv e r t m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y i n t o h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i sk n o w n a sP u m p s .F i g . s h o w s a g e n e r a l l a yo u t o f a h yd r o e l e c t r i c p l a n t .Animation as in the PPTHghLHPenstockTurbineTailraceHeadraceH eadRaceTailRaceHgHhLHydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r.

Mixed Flow 60 to 300 Kaplan Turbine Low < 30 m High Axial Flow High 300 to 1000 As can be seen from the above table, any specific type can be explained by suitable construction of sentences by selecting the other items in the table along the …

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  Flows, Hydraulic, Mixed, Axial, Axial flow, Mixed flow

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Transcription of HYDRAULIC TURBINES - ktu.edu.tr

1 Hydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a1 HYDRAULIC TURBINESI n t r o d u c t i o n :T h e d e v i c e w h i c h c o n v e r t s h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g yo rv i c e v e r s a i s k n o w n a sH y d r a u l i c M a c h i n e h e h yd r a u l i c m a c h i n e sw h i c h c o n v e r t h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i n t o m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y a r e k n o w n a sT u r b i n e sa n d t h a t c o nv e r t m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y i n t o h yd r a u l i c e n e r g y i sk n o w n a sP u m p s .F i g . s h o w s a g e n e r a l l a yo u t o f a h yd r o e l e c t r i c p l a n t .Animation as in the PPTHghLHPenstockTurbineTailraceHeadraceH eadRaceTailRaceHgHhLHydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r.

2 M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a2It c o n s i s t s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g :1 .ADa mc o n s t r u c t e d a c r o s s a r i v e r o r a c h a n n e l t o s t o r e w a t e r . T h er e s e r v o i r i s a l s o k n o w n a sH e a d r a c e .2 .Pi p e s o f l a r g e d i a m e t e r c a l l e dP e n s t o c k sw h i c h c a r r y w a t e r u n d e rp r e s s u r e f r o m s t o r a g e r e s e r v o i r t o t h e t u r b i n e s . T h e s e p i p e s a r eu s u a l l y m a d e o f s t e e l o r r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e .3 .T u r b i n e sh a v i n g d i f f e r e n t t yp e s o f v a n e s o r b u c k e t s o r b l a d e sm o u n t e d o n a w h e e lc a l l e d r u n n e r .4 .T a i l r a c ew h i c h i s a c h a n n e l c a r r yi n g w a t e r a w a y f r o m t h e t u r b i n ea f t e r t h e w a t e r h a s w o r k e d o n t h e t u r b i n e s.

3 T h e w a t e r s u r f a c e i n t h et a i l r a c e i s a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s t a i l r a c e .I m p o r t a n t T e r m s :G r o s s H e a d ( Hg) :It i s t h e v e r t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e be t w e e n h e a d r a c e a n dt a i l r a c e .N e t H e a d : ( H ) :N e t h e a d o r e f f e c t i v e h e a d i s t h e a c t u a l h e a d a v a i l a b l ea t t h e i n l e t o f t h e t o w o r k o n t h e t u r b i n e .H = Hg-hLW h e r ehLi s t h e t o t a l h e a d l o s s d u r i n g t h e t r a n s i t o f w a t e r f r o m t h eh e a d r a c e t o t a i l r a c e w h i c h i s ma i n l y h e a d l o s s d u e t o f r i c t i o n , a n d i sgi v e n b ydgVLfhf242 W h e r efi s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n o f p e n s t o c k d e p e n d i n g o n t h et yp e o f m a t e r i a l o f p e n s t o c kLi s t h e t o t a l l e n gt h o f p e n s t o c kVi s t h e m e a n f l o w v e l o c i t y o f w a t e r t h r o u gh t h e pe n s t o c kDi s t h e d i a m e t e r o f p e n s t o c k a n dgi s t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n d u e t o g r a v i t yHydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r.

4 M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g m T Y P E S O F E F F I C I E N C I E SD e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f i n p u t a n d o u t p u t , t h e e f f i c i e n c i e sc a n b e c l a s s i f i e d a s( i )H yd r a u l i c E f f i c i e n c y( i i )M e c h a n i c a l E f f i c i e n c y( i i i )O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n cy( i )H yd r a u l i c E f f i c i e n c y: ( h)It i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e p o w e rd e v e l o p e d b y t h e r u n n e r o f at u r b i n e to the power supplied at the inletof a turbine. Since the power supplied is HYDRAULIC ,and the probable loss is betweenthe striking jet and vaneit is rightlycalled HYDRAULIC is the Runner Power and is the Water Power(ii)Mechanical Efficiency: ( m)It is the ratio of the power available at the shaft to the power developed by therunner of a turbine.

5 This depends on the slips and other mechanical problems thatwill create a loss of energy between the runneri n t h e a n n u l a r a r e a b e t w e e nt h e n o z z l e a n d s p e a r , t h e a m o u n t o f w a t e r r e d u c e s a s t h e s p e a r i sp u s h e d f o r w a r d a n d v i c e-v e r s a .a n d s h a f t w h i c h i s p u r e l y m e c h a n i c a l a n d h e n c e m e c h a n i c a le ff i c i e n c S . P . i s t h e S h a f t P o w e r( 0 2 )( i i i )O v e r a l l E f f i c i e n c y: ( )It i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e p o w e r a v a i l a b l e a t t h e s h a f t t o t h e p o w e rs u p p l i e d a t t h e i n l e t o f a t u r b i n e . A s t h i s c o v e r s o v e r a l l p r o b l e m s o fl o s s e s i n e n e r g y, i t i s k n o w n a s o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n cy.

6 T h i s d e p e n d s o nb o t h t h e h yd r a u l i c l o s s e s a n d t h e s l i p s a n d o t h e r m e c h a n i c a l p r o b l e m sInlet of turbineTurbine h ( 0 1 )Hydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g t h a t w i l l c r e a t e a l o s s o f e n e r g y b e t w e e n t h e j e t p o w e r s u p p l i e d a n dt h e p o w e r g e n e r a t e d a t t h e s h a f t a v a i l a b l e f o r c o u p l i n g o f t h eg e n e r a t o r .( 0 3 )F r o m E q s 1 , 2 an d 3 , w e h a v e = hx mC l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f T u r b i n e sT h eh yd r a u l i c t u r b i n e s c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d b a s e d o n t yp e o f e n e r g y a tt h e i n l e t , d i r e c t i o n o f f l o w t h r o u gh t h e v a n e s , h e a d a v a i l a b l e a t t h ei n l e t , d i s c h a r g e t h r o u gh t h e v a n e s a n d s p e c i f i c s p e e d.

7 T h e y c a n bea r r a n g e d a s p e r t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e :TurbineType ofenergyHeadDischargeDirectionof flowSpecificSpeedNameTypePeltonWheelImpu lseKineticHighHead >250m to1000mLowTangentialto runnerLow<35 Single jet35 60 Multiple jetFrancisTurbineReactionTurbineKinetic +PressureMedium60 m to150 mMediumRadial flowMedium60 to 300 mixed FlowKaplanTurbineLow< 30 mHighAxial FlowHigh300 to 1000A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m t h e a b o v e t a b l e , a n y s p e c i f i c t yp e c a n b ee x p l a in e d b y s u i t a b l e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s e n t e n c e s b y s e l e c t i n g t h e o t h e ri t e m s i n t h e t a b l e a l o n g t h e r o w .Hydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a5 PenstockNozzleWheelSpearP E LTO N W HE E L O R T UR BINEP e l t o n w h e e l , n a m e d a f t e r a n e m i n e n t e n gi n e e r , i s a n i m p u l s e t u r b i n ew h e r e i n t h e f l o w i s t a n g e n t i a l t o t h e r u n n e r a n d t h e a v a i l a b l ee n e r g ya t t h e e n t r a n c e i s c o m p l e t e l y k i n e t i c e n e r g y.

8 F u r t h e r , i t i s p r e f e r r e da t a v e r y h i gh h e a d a n d l o w d i s c h a r g e s w i t h l o w s p e c i f i c s p e e d s . T h ep r e s s u r e a v a i l a b l e a t t h e i n l e t a n d t h e o u t l e t i s a t m o s p h e r i c .T h e m a i n c o m p o n e n t s o f a P e l t o n t u r b i n e a r e:( i )N o z z l e a n d f l o w r e g u l a t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t :W a t e ri s b r o u g h t t o t h e h yd r o e l e c t r i c p l a n t s i t e t h r o u g h l a r g ep e n s t o c k s a t t h e e n d o f w h i c h t h e r e w i l l b e a n o z z l e , w h i c h c o n v e r t st h e p r e s s u r e e n e r g y c o m p l e t e l y i n t ok i n e t i c e n e r g y. T h i s w i l l c o n v e r t t h el i q u i df l o w i n t o a h i gh-s p e e dj e t ,w h i c h s t r i k e s t h e b u c k e t s o rv a n e s m o u n t e d o n t h e r u n n e r ,w h i c h i n-t u r n r o t a t e s t h e r u n n e r o ft h e t u r b i n e.

9 T h e a m o u n t o f w a t e r s t r i k i n g t h e v a n e s i s c o n t r o l l e d b yt h e f o r w a r d a n d b a c k w a r d m o t i o n o f t h e s p e a r . A s t h e w a t e r i sf l ow i n g i n t h e a n n u l a r a r e a b e t w e e n t h e a n n u l a r a r e a b e t w e e n t h eAnimation:(i)The water jet has to reduceand increase as the spear isbrought forward andbackward(ii)The wheel has to rotate as thejet strikesBreaking jetHydraulics and HYDRAULIC MachinesD r . M . N . S h e s h a P r a k a s h , P r o f e s s o r , J . N . N . Co l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , S h i m o g a6n o z z l e o p e n i n g a n d t h e s p e a r , t h e f l o w g e t s r e d u c e d a s t h e s p e a rm o v e s f o r w a r d a n d v i c e-v e r s a .( i i )R u n n e r w i t h b u c k e t s :R u n n e ri s a c i r c u l a r d i s k m o u n t e d o n a s h a f t o n t h e p e r i p h e r y o fw h i c h a n u m be r o f b u c k e t s a r e f i x e de q u a l l y s p a c e da s s h o w n i nFi g.

10 T h e b u c k e t s a r e m a d e o f c a s t-i r o n c a s t-s t e e l , b r o n z e o rs t a i n l e s s s t e e l d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e h e a da t t h e i n l e t o f t h e t u r b i n e .T h e w a t e r j e t s t r i k e s t h e b u c k e t o n t h e s p l i t t e r o f t h e b u c k e t a n dg e t s d e fl e c t e d t h r o u g h( )1 6 0-1 7 00.( i i i )C a s i n g:It i s m a d e o f c a s t-i r o n o r f a b r i c a t e d s t e e l p l a t e s . T h e m a i n f u n c t i o no f t h e c a s i n g i s t o p r e v e n t s p l a s h i n g o f w a t e r a n d t o d i s c h a r g e t h ew a t e r i n t o t a i l r a c e .( i v )B r e a k i n g j e t :E v e n a f t e r t h e a m o u n t o f w a t e r s t r i k i n g t h e b u c k e t s i s c o m p l et e l ys t o p p e d , t h e r u n n e r g o e s o n r o t a t i n g f o r a v e r y l o n g t i m e d u e t oi n e r t i a.


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