Hydrogen Storage - Energy

1 2005 Annual DOE Hydrogen Program Merit Review Hydrogen Storage Grace Ordaz John Petrovic1. Carole Read Sunita Satyapal Basic Science Research Needs presented by George Thomas ST1. 1 Laboratory Fellow, change of station assignment to DOE HQ. Overview & Approach Challenges & Targets Basis for Targets & Current Status Research Portfolio & RD&D Plan Status & Key Accomplishments Technology Progress Key Activities & Outputs Program Planning/Coordination Future Plans Budget Upcoming Solicitation & RD&D Needs Hydrogen Storage : Challenges & Targets Challenge: How to store Hydrogen on-board to meet performance (wt, vol, kinetics, etc.) , safety and cost requirements and enable >. 300 mile range, without compromising passenger/cargo space. Targets: Developed through These 2010 2015.

2 Are System System Gravimetric Capacity= kWh/kg kWh/kg Targets Specific Energy (net) ( MJ/kg) ( MJ/kg). (6 wt%) (9 wt%). System Volumetric kWh/L kWh/L. Material Capacity= Energy Density (net) ( MJ/L) ( MJ/L). capacities ( kg/L) ( kg/L). must be Storage system cost $4/kWh $2/kWh higher! Explanations at Focus is on capacity: but many other requirements . Parameter Units 2005(7) 2010 2015. Primary Specific Energy net kWh/kg Current 2005 Energy density net kWh/L Focus targets Storage system cost $/kWh 6 4 2. achieved cycle life (25-100%) cycles 500 1000 1500. with cycle life variation % of mean (min) N/A 90/90 99/90. high @ % confidence P/LH2 Max delivery temp. C 85 85 85. Minimum delivery pressure of H2 atm (abs) 8 FC 4 FC 3 FC. from tank, FC=fuel cell, I=ICE 10 ICE 35 ICE 35 ICE.

3 Start time to full flow @ 20 C sec 4 4 .5. 2007. System fill time (for 5 kg) min 10 3 Loss of useable Hydrogen (g/h)/kg H2 1 For stored materials- Permeation and leakage Scc/h Federal enclosed-area safety standard based Toxicity Meets or exceeds applicable standards systems Safety Meets or exceeds applicable standards These are just some, more available at Energy Density is Critical 77. Today's 66. Gasoline Vehicles 55. (kWh/L). Fuel Cell Efficiency, Today's gasoline tank : Conformable Tanks fuel tank, fuel filler tubes, gas cap, hoses, fuel lines , (kWh/L). 44. Density fuel pump, fuel filter, carbon vapor canister, leak detection device, purge Density 33. EnergyEnergy 2015 Target control solenoid, rollover check valve, tank hanger Liquid H2 (20K, 1 bar) straps, clips, and other 22.

4 Small fasteners Compressed H2 (300K). 11 700 bar For Hydrogen Systems: Also 350 bar include insulation, sensors, 00. 200. 200 400 600. 600 800. 800 1000. 1000. regulators, first charge, any Pressure (bar) byproducts/reactants, etc. Research Areas Storage Technologies Novel Concepts Focus Chemical Storage Carbon-based Materials/high Storage Capacity surface area sorbents Cryo-compressed Metal Hydrides Risk Hybrid Approaches Conformability High P Tanks Liquid H2. Time frame Portfolio stresses longer-term solutions but continues some R&D on viable options for the transition phase Status Relative to Targets No current Hydrogen Storage technology meets the targets. Volumetric &. Gravimetric Energy System Cost, $/kWh Capacity 2015 target 9 wt% 2015 target $2. 2010 target 6 wt% 2010 target $4.

5 Chemical Chemical $8. Hydrides Hydrides*. Complex Metal * Complex Metal Hydrides * Hydrides $16. * Projection Liquid H2. Liquid H2 $6. 10000 psi 10000 psi $18. gas gas kWh/L. 5000 psi gas kWh/kg 5000 psi gas $15. 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20. $/kWh Estimates from developers- to be continuously updated * Regeneration costs excluded National Hydrogen Storage Project1. Centers of Excellence Independent Projects Testing & Analysis Cross Cutting New materials/processes Metal hydrides for on-board Storage Basic Compressed/Cryogenic Chemical Hydrogen Storage Science2 & Hybrid approaches Off-board Carbon-Based Materials Storage systems3. 1. Coordinated by DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy , Office of Hydrogen , Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies 2. Basic science for Hydrogen Storage conducted through DOE Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences 3.

6 Coordinated with Delivery program element Hydrogen Storage Grand Challenge Partners Centers of Excellence Independent Projects New Materials & Concepts Alfred University Metal Hydride Carbon Materials Chemical Carnegie Institute of Washington Center Center Hydrogen Center Cleveland State University Michigan Technological University National Laboratory: National Laboratory: National Laboratories: TOFTEC. Sandia-Livermore NREL Los Alamos UC-Berkeley Pacific Northwest UC-Santa Barbara Industrial partners: Industrial partners: University of Connecticut General Electric Air Products & Industrial partners: University of Michigan HRL Laboratories Chemicals Intematix Corp. University of Missouri Intematix Corp. Millennium Cell High-Capacity Hydrides Universities: Rohm & Haas UTRC.

7 Universities: CalTech US Borax UOP. CalTech Duke Savannah River NL. Stanford Penn State Universities: Carbon-based Materials Pitt/Carnegie Rice Northern Arizona State University of New York Mellon Michigan Penn State Gas Technology Institute Hawaii North Carolina Alabama UPenn & Drexel Univ. Illinois Pennsylvania California-Davis Chemical Hydrogen Storage Nevada-Reno UCLA Air Products & Chemicals Utah Federal Lab Partners: Pennsylvania RTI. Lawrence Livermore Washington Millennium Cell Federal Lab Partners: NIST Safe Hydrogen LLC. Brookhaven Oak Ridge OffBoard, Tanks, Analysis & Testing JPL Gas Technology Institute NIST Lawrence Livermore Oak Ridge Quantum Savannah River Argonne Nat'l Lab & TIAX LLC. SwRI. Continuum of Knowledge Transfer Across Stages of Development Basic Research Use theory & fundamental experimentation to generate knowledge: Fundamental property & transport phenomena Novel material structures, effect of morphology.

8 Understand reaction mechanisms Applied Research & Development Use theory & experimentation to design & develop high- performance materials Leverage knowledge from basic research, develop new materials Optimization of materials and testing to improve performance Use engineering science to design system packaging & balance of plant components Technology Validation & Demonstration Test Systems in Real World Conditions Gain knowledge on integration with power plant with fuel delivery infrastructure Apply lessons learned back to R&D. Basic Science for Hydrogen Storage Basic material properties are a key issue in Hydrogen Storage . intermetallic hydrides too heavy liquid fuels Hydrogen Densities of Materials 200. Hydrogen volume density (kgH2 m-3). TiH2. 150 Mg2NH4. MgH2.

9 LaNi5H6. C8H18 CH4 (liq). C2H6. NH3. 100 KBH4 C2H5OH. CH3OH C3H8. CaH2 2015 system targets liquid Hydrogen NaH. 50 2010 system targets 700 bar 350 bar 0. 0 5 10 15 20 25 100. 30. Hydrogen mass density (mass %). Program focus is on high Energy density materials. Some of the materials under study in CoE's Hydrogen Densities of Materials 200. NH3BH3(3). Hydrogen volume density (kgH2 m-3). Mg(OMe) TiH2 AlH3. 150 Mg2NH4 LiNH2(2). MgH2. NH3BH3(2). LiBH4. LaNi5H6. NaBH4 CH CH4 (liq). decaborane 8 18. NH3 C H. 2 6. 100 11M aq NaBH4 KBH 4 LiAlH4. C 2H5OH. CH3OH C3H8. CaH2 2015 system targets LiNH2(1) NaAlH4 liquid NH3BH3(1) Hydrogen NaH. 50 hexahydrotriazine 2010 system targets 700 bar 350 bar 0. 0 5 10 15 20 25 100. 30. Hydrogen mass density (mass %). Storage system adds weight and volume No current material meets system requirements Hydrogen Densities of Materials 200.

10 NH3BH3(3). Hydrogen volume density (kgH2 m-3). Mg(OMe) TiH2 AlH3. 150 Mg2NH4 LiNH2(2). MgH2. NH3BH3(2). LiBH4. LaNi5H6. NaBH4 CH CH4 (liq). decaborane 8 18. NH3 C H. 2 6. 100 11M aq NaBH4 KBH 4 LiAlH4. C 2H5OH. CH3OH C3H8. CaH2 2015 system targets LiNH2(1) NaAlH4 liquid NH3BH3(1) Hydrogen NaH. 50 hexahydrotriazine 2010 system targets 700 bar 350 bar 0. 0 5 10 15 20 25 100. 30. Hydrogen mass density (mass %). Need to determine & tune material properties Other material property issues include thermodynamic properties. For reversible systems, equilibrium between gas and solid given by: H (kJ/molH2) % of LHV. 100 40%. P = exp(- H/RT + S/R). or lnP = - H/RT + lnPTinf H=enthalpy (kJ/mol H2), ionic, covalent high T. hydrides 30% containment 70-80 kJ/molH2. d(lnP)/d(1/T) = H/R.