Hydrogen Technologies Overview

1 Dr. Ned Stetson, HFTO Hydrogen Technologies Program Manager2021 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation MeetingH2 Technologies OverviewJune 7, 2021 Washington, DC2 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH ydrogen Technologies ProgramFrom producing Hydrogen molecules through dispensing to end-use applicationsINTEGRATED CLEANENERGY SYSTEMS3 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYD eveloping Application-Specific Targets ExamplesH2 Production20252030 Hydrogen cost ($/kg)21 PEM Electrolyzer TargetsElectrical Efficiency (%)70tbdStack Cost ($/kW)100tbdDurability/Lifetime (hr)80,000tbdSystem Cost ($/kW)250tbdH2 ChargingPEM Electrolyzer$250/kW; 70% efficiencyH2 Storage$/kWh H2($/kg H2)H2 DischargingPEM Fuel Cell$1000/kW; 50% efficiencyH2H2e-e-H2 ProductionH2 Energy StorageH2 LiquefactionBased on NREL s StoreFAST model02468101214$ $ $ $ ,000200,000kWh/kg2016$/kgLiquefier Capacity (kg/day)Capital Cost Contribution to the Liquefier Share of Real LevelizedDelivered Hydrogen Cost ($(2016)/kg)Calculated Average Energy Requirement (kWh/kg)Liquefaction efficiency target: 6 kWh/kg2X improvement over current technologyAverage Liquefier Energy Requirement by Capacity1 Note: currentlynot official targets4 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYKey Goals.

2 Reduce the cost of fuel cells and Hydrogen production, delivery, storage, and meet performance and durability requirements guided by applications specific targets DOE Targets Guide RD&D - Focus is on Affordability and PerformanceOnboard Storage Cost (700 - bar compressedsystem)$8/kWh$21/kWh$16/kWh100 k/yr Storage costs based on 2019 storage cost record10k/yrHigh-Volume ProjectionLow-Volume (Current) EstimateUltimate Target Production Cost(electrolytic Hydrogen )Delivery & Dispensing Cost$2/kg$11/kg+$ $5/kg For range: Delivery and dispensing at today s (2020) stations with capacity ~450 kg/day*For range: Delivery and dispensing at today s (2020) stations with capacity 450-1,000 kg/day at high volume manufacturingLiquid tankers& Tube trailersLiquid tankers& Tube trailersAll costs based on $2016$2/kg$6/kg+$5/kg+$ * 5 to 7 cents/kWh, 90% capacity factor at $1500/kW*5 to 7 cents/kWh, 90% capacity factor at $460/kWHYDROGENTECHNOLOGIES RD&D Transportation Cost Targets$ *$8/kg*Note: Graph is not at scale.

3 For illustrative purposes only 5 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH2 InfrastructureCost Drivers: Compressors, Chiller, Dispenser and StorageHydrogen Fueling Station Levelized Cost(700 Bar, 800 kg/day Station)Examples of Cost Drivers and Focus Areas for Hydrogen TechnologiesH2 Onboard StorageCost Drivers: Carbon Fiber Precursorsand Processing Hydrogen Storage Cost(700 bar Type IV, kg Hydrogen Storage System)H2 Production (Electrolysis) Cost Drivers:Electrical energyand capital costs 6 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH ydrogen Technologies FundingHydrogen Production RD&D Low- and High-Temperature Electrolyzers Advanced Water Splitting Materials Electrolyzer Manufacturing Technologies Microbial H2 ProductionHydrogen Infrastructure RD&D Materials Compatibility H2-Natural Gas Blends Vehicle Refueling Component H2 Liquefaction TechnologiesHydrogen Storage RD&D Low-Cost, High-Strength Carbon Fiber H2 Carriers H2 Storage Materials Bulk H2 Storage TechnologiesCost and Performance Analyses010203040506070FY20FY21 Appropriations ($ millions)

4 ProductionInfrastructureStorageFY20 Appropriations$70 millionFY21 Appropriations$71 millionProgram Direction7 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYThe Hydrogen Technologies TeamHydrogen Technologies Program Manager, Ned StetsonTechnology Manager, Zeric HulveyTechnology Manager, Neha RustagiTechnology Manager, Will GibbonsTechnology Manager, Katie RandolphTechnology Manager, Dave PetersonTechnology Manager, James VickersTechnology Manager, Mark RichardsTechnical Support, Levi IrwinTechnology Manager, Brian HunterProgram Support, Eric HeyboerProgram Support, Kim Cierpik-GoldProgram Support, Marika WieliczkoORISE Fellow, Asha-Dee CelestineORISE Fellow, Martin SulicORISE Fellow, McKenzie Hubertto start fall of 20218 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH ydrogen ProductionOral Project Presentations Tuesday-Wednesday, June 8-99 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH ydrogen ProductionOffice of Fossil EnergyEERE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office10 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYC urrent Cost of H2 Produced through Electrolysis - $5-6/kg H2 LowHighYe a rElectricity Cost Capacity FactorSystem CapExSystemEfficiencyReference($/kg H2)($/kg H2)( /kWh)(%)($/kW)(% LHV) - BAT B1,12463E3 - ,400-BNEFHFTO ProjectionsElectricity Cost( /kWh)Capacity FactorSystem CapEx($/kW)H2 Cost ($/kg)

5 Grid Low ,500$ ,000$ High ,500$ ,000$ ATB 2020 [2]Solar PV UtilityLos Angeles, ,000$ PV Utility Daggett, ,000$ Onshore Utility, Class ,000$ Onshore Utility, Class ,000$ [1] [2]National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL (2020). 2020 AnnualTechnology Baseline. Golden, CO. cost of electrolytic H2with today s technology [1]H2production costs from various external analysis and associated assumptionsCurrent PEM electrolyzer system capital cost range: $750 - $1400/kW11 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYP athways to Reduce the Cost of Electrolytic H22020 ~ $5/kg2025$2/kg2030$1/kgCost Reduction of Clean Electrolytic H2 Key enablers for lower cost electrolytic H2: Low-cost electricity High electrical efficiency Low-cost capital expense Increased durability/lifetime Low-cost manufacturing processes Manufacturingat MW-scaleElectrolyzer goals for 2025 UnitPEMSOECH igher electrical efficiency % (LHV) 70 98 Lower stack costs$/kW 100 100 Increased durabilityhours80,00060,000 Lower system CAPEX$/kW 250 30012 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYA Multi-layered Approach to Electrolyzer DevelopmentAdvanced Materials (TRL 1-3) Foundational R&Don materials with improved performance and durability for water splitting Technologies , including low and high-temperature electrolysis and direct thermochemical and photoelectrochemical Components (TRL 4-5) RD&D onintegration of materials into components ( , catalysts into MEA) and components into systems ( , cells into stacks)

6 , developing an understanding of mechanisms and addressing performance barriers for PEM LTE and O2-conducting HTEA dvanced Manufacturing (TRL 6-7) RD&D onmanufacturing processes and techniques suitable for high-volume manufacture of mega-watt scale electrolyzersand electrolyzer componentsHydroGENN ational Laboratory-led research consortium on advance materials development for water splitting technologiesH2 NEWN ational Laboratory-led research consortium on advance component development for low and high-temperature electrolysisIndustry-led RD&D projects competitively selected through Funding Opportunity Announcements, coordinated with H2 NEWA pproach flows from foundational materials-development addressing multiple Technologies to advanced integrated component development to advanced system manufacturing processes13 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH ydroGENA dvanced Water Splitting (AWS)

7 Materials ConsortiumAccelerating AWS Materials R&D to Enable <$2/kg H2 Leveraging & streamlining access to world-classcapabilities & expertise Providing a robust, secure, searchable, & sharableData Hub Developing universal standards & best practicesfor benchmarking & reporting Fostering cross-cutting innovationInnovative Consortia Model Connecting AWS Community & Enhancing R&D Providing > 40 national lab node capabilities toaccelerate progress of FOA projects 76 Publications, Impact factor* & 1490 citations Cross-cutting activities to exploit similarities andadvance material performance & durability Total planned commitment of $54M over 8 years(FY16-FY23) Focus Areas LT E: Enable high efficiency, durable AEMWE without supporting electrolytes HTE: Identify electronic leakage mechanisms in p- SOEC for higher cell performance at lowertemperaturesSTCH: Develop global understanding of material structure & composition required to achieve high yield performancePEC : Scale-up & improved durability through corrosion mitigation & ~neutral pH operation11 National Labs10 Companies39 Universities2 Funding Agencies11 Labs, 10 Companies, 39 Universities & > 30 Projects Supported14 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH ydroGEN Key AccomplishmentsLT EAEM: GT72-10(30um)-Anode-IrOxon TiGDLwith GT32 ionomer-Cathode-PtNi-361 on carbon GDL with GT69 feed to anode onlyOperating @ 1A/cm2 HTEN exceris Established promising interconnect protective coating for air/O2side of HTE stacksWithout ChromLokTMWith ChromLokTMGeorgia Tech Demonstrated improved AEM electrolysis durability over ~750 hrat relevant current densityAEM: GT72-10 (30 m)Anode: IrOxon TiGDLw/ GT32 ionomerCathode.

8 PtNion C GDL w/ GT69 ionomerFeed: KOH feed to anode onlyTe m p: 60 oCASU HPC-aided discovery of new water splitting material family (Ca,Ce)(X,Y)O3 STCHPECRice Achieved a higher STH efficiency than SOA perovskite cells in an integrated 3D-printed photoelectrochemical reactorSolar-to- Hydrogen = PEC Reactor H2prod capacity: CCXY > SLMA >> BCM15 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH2 NEW Consortium: H2from the Next-generation of Electrolyzersof WaterA comprehensive, concerted effort focused on overcoming technical barriers to enable affordable & efficient electrolyzersto achieve <$2/kg H2(2025) Launched in Q1 FY2021 Both low- and high-temperatureelectrolyzers Planned commitment of $50M over 5 yearsDurability/lifetime is most critical, initial, primary focus of H2 NEW Limited fundamental knowledge of degradationmechanisms including under future operating modes Lack of understanding on how to effectivelyaccelerate degradation processes.

9 Develop and validate methods to accelerateidentified degradation processes to evaluatedurability in weeks or months instead of years. National labs are ideal for this critical work due toexisting capabilities and expertise combined with theability to freely share research , well-defined stack metricsto guide Goals by 2025 LTE PEMHTEC apital Cost$100/kW$100/kWElect. Efficiency (LHV)70% at 3 A/cm298% at A/cm2 Lifetime80,000 hr60,000 hrMakes use of a combination of world-class experimental, analytical, and modeling toolsNational Lab Consortium TeamH2 NEW focuses on higher TRL electrolyzer Technologies : PEM for LTE Oxide ion conductors for HTEThe emphasis is not on new materials but addressing components, materials integration, and manufacturing R&D16 OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYH2 NEW: Consortium Structure and ApproachTa s k-Based Structure Split between:Low Temperature Electrolysis (LTE), 75%:Task 1: Durability and AST Development (P196a)Task 2: Performance and Benchmarking (P196b)Task 3: Manufacturing, Scale-up, and Integration (P196c)Task 3c: System and Techno-economic Analysis (P196d)High Temperature Electrolysis (HTE), 25%:Task 5.

10 Durability and AST Development (P196e) Task 7: Advanced Characterization (P196f)Task 8: Multiscale Modeling (P196g)AMR postersprovided in parenthesis Close coordination of electrolyzer manufacturing efforts Stakeholder Advisory Boards established, representingOEM, tier 1 suppliers, manufacturing, and academiaExternal website being established: OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL Technologies DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYE nabling MW-Scale Manufacturing of Electrolyzers Critical to H2@ScaleClose coordination of Manufacturing efforts with H2 NEW 5 year,$10M/yrMulti-Lab Consortium Objective: Overcome technical barriers & enable affordable, reliable & efficient low and high temperature electrolyzersat <$100/kWFOAsAddressing components, materials integration, & manufacturing R&DLT E($14M Effort -3 New Projects)HTE($10 MFY21 FOA Topic) Plug Power: Single-piece multi-functional integrated membraneanode assembly 3M:Advanced manufacturingtechnology enabling fabrication ofSOAcatalysts & electrodes Proton Energy: Develop & optimizemanufacturablePTL at >1000 cm2 Decrease part count,reduceprocessing steps,standardizeprocesses & components Develop real-timequality controlmetrology techniques Manufacturing techniquestargeting cost of $300/kWSelection announcements expected soonManufacturing solutions for low cost, efficient, durable & reliable multi-MW scale deployments 1 Advanced components, sub-systems, & systems for multi-MW-scale electrolyzersCatalystElectrodeCourtesy of Plug Power : Park J.