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ICNIRP GUIDELINES

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION ICNIRP PUBLICATION 1998 ICNIRP GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME VARYING electric , magnetic AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (UP TO 300 GHZ) PUBLISHED IN: HEALTH PHYSICS 74 (4):494 522; 1998 Note: Equation 11 was subsequently amended by the ICNIRP Commission in the 1999 reference book. The amended version is added here at the end of the document. ICNIRP GuidelinesGUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYINGELECTRIC, magnetic , AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS(UP TO 300 GHz)International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection* INTRODUCTIONIN1974, the International Radiation Protection Associa-tion (IRPA) formed a working group on non-ionizingradiation (NIR), which examined the problems arising inthe field of protection against the various types of the IRPA Congress in Paris in 1977, this workinggroup became the International Non-Ionizing RadiationCommittee (INIRC).

ICNIRP Guidelines GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC, AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (UP TO 300 GHz) International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection*†

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Transcription of ICNIRP GUIDELINES

1 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION ICNIRP PUBLICATION 1998 ICNIRP GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME VARYING electric , magnetic AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (UP TO 300 GHZ) PUBLISHED IN: HEALTH PHYSICS 74 (4):494 522; 1998 Note: Equation 11 was subsequently amended by the ICNIRP Commission in the 1999 reference book. The amended version is added here at the end of the document. ICNIRP GuidelinesGUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYINGELECTRIC, magnetic , AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS(UP TO 300 GHz)International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection* INTRODUCTIONIN1974, the International Radiation Protection Associa-tion (IRPA) formed a working group on non-ionizingradiation (NIR), which examined the problems arising inthe field of protection against the various types of the IRPA Congress in Paris in 1977, this workinggroup became the International Non-Ionizing RadiationCommittee (INIRC).

2 In cooperation with the Environmental Health Divi-sion of the World Health Organization (WHO), theIRPA/INIRC developed a number of health criteriadocuments on NIR as part of WHO s EnvironmentalHealth Criteria Programme, sponsored by the UnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP). Each docu-ment includes an overview of the physical characteris-tics, measurement and instrumentation, sources, andapplications of NIR, a thorough review of the literatureon biological effects, and an evaluation of the health risksof exposure to NIR. These health criteria have providedthe scientific database for the subsequent development ofexposure limits and codes of practice relating to the Eighth International Congress of the IRPA(Montreal, 18 22 May 1992), a new, independent scien-tific organization the International Commission onNon-Ionizing Radiation Protection ( ICNIRP ) was es-tablished as a successor to the IRPA/INIRC.

3 The func-tions of the Commission are to investigate the hazardsthat may be associated with the different forms of NIR,develop international GUIDELINES on NIR exposure limits,and deal with all aspects of NIR effects reported as resulting from expo-sure to static and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) elec-tric and magnetic fields have been reviewed by UNEP/WHO/IRPA (1984, 1987). Those publications and anumber of others, including UNEP/WHO/IRPA (1993)and Allen et al. (1991), provided the scientific rationalefor these glossary of terms appears in the AND SCOPEThe main objective of this publication is to establishguidelines for limiting EMF exposure that will provideprotection against known adverse health effects. Anadverse health effect causes detectable impairment of thehealth of the exposed individual or of his or her off-spring; a biological effect, on the other hand, may or maynot result in an adverse health on both direct and indirect effects of EMFare described.

4 Direct effects result from direct interactionof fields with the body, indirect effects involve interactionswith an object at a different electric potential from the of laboratory and epidemiological studies, basicexposure criteria, and reference levels for practical hazardassessment are discussed, and the GUIDELINES presentedapply to occupational and public on high-frequency and 50/60 Hz electro- magnetic fields were issued by IRPA/INIRC in 1988 and1990, respectively, but are superseded by the presentguidelines which cover the entire frequency range oftime-varying EMF (up to 300 GHz). Static magneticfields are covered in the ICNIRP GUIDELINES issued in1994 ( ICNIRP 1994).In establishing exposure limits, the Commissionrecognizes the need to reconcile a number of differingexpert opinions. The validity of scientific reports has tobe considered, and extrapolations from animal experi-* ICNIRP Secretariat, c/o Ru diger Matthes, Bundesamtfu r Strahlenschutz, Institut fu r Strahlenhygiene, Ingolsta dter Land-strasse 1, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.

5 During the preparation of these GUIDELINES , the composition ofthe Commission was as follows: A. Ahlbom (Sweden); U. Bergqvist(Sweden); J. H. Bernhardt, Chairman since May 1996 (Germany); J. sarini (France); L. A. Court, until May 1996 (France); M. Gran-dolfo, Vice-Chairman until April 1996 (Italy); M. Hietanen, since May1996 (Finland); A. F. McKinlay, Vice-Chairman since May 1996(UK); M. H. Repacholi, Chairman until April 1996, Chairman emer-itus since May 1996 (Australia); D. H. Sliney (USA); J. A. J. Stolwijk(USA); M. L. Swicord, until May 1996 (USA); L. D. Szabo (Hun-gary); M. Taki (Japan); T. S. Tenforde (USA); H. P. Jammet (EmeritusMember, deceased) (France); R. Matthes, Scientific Secretary(Germany).During the preparation of this document, ICNIRP was supportedby the following external experts: S. Allen (UK), J. Brix (Germany),S.

6 Eggert (Germany), H. Garn (Austria), K. Jokela (Finland), (Poland), Mariutti (Italy), R. Saunders (UK), (Italy), P. Vecchia (Italy), E. Vogel (Germany). Many valuablecomments provided by additional international experts are gratefullyacknowledged.(Manuscript received2 October1997;accepted17 November1997)0017-9078/98/$ 1998 Health Physics Society494ments to effects on humans have to be made. Therestrictions in these GUIDELINES were based on scientificdata alone; currently available knowledge, however,indicates that these restrictions provide an adequate levelof protection from exposure to time-varying EMF. Twoclasses of guidance are presented:cBasic restrictions: Restrictions on exposure totime-varying electric , magnetic , and electromag-netic fields that are based directly on establishedhealth effects are termed basic restrictions.

7 Depending upon the frequency of the field , thephysical quantities used to specify these restric-tions are current density (J), specific energyabsorption rate (SAR), and power density (S).Only power density in air, outside the body, canbe readily measured in exposed levels: These levels are provided forpractical exposure assessment purposes to deter-mine whether the basic restrictions are likely to beexceeded. Some reference levels are derived fromrelevant basic restrictions using measurementand/or computational techniques, and some ad-dress perception and adverse indirect effects ofexposure to EMF. The derived quantities areelectric field strength (E), magnetic field strength(H), magnetic flux density (B), power density (S),and currents flowing through the limbs (IL).Quantities that address perception and other indi-rect effects are contact current (IC) and, for pulsedfields, specific energy absorption (SA).

8 In anyparticular exposure situation, measured or calcu-lated values of any of these quantities can becompared with the appropriate reference with the reference level will ensurecompliance with the relevant basic restriction. Ifthe measured or calculated value exceeds thereference level, it does not necessarily follow thatthe basic restriction will be exceeded. However,whenever a reference level is exceeded it isnecessary to test compliance with the relevantbasic restriction and to determine whether addi-tional protective measures are GUIDELINES do not directly address productperformance standards, which are intended to limit EMFemissions under specified test conditions, nor does thedocument deal with the techniques used to measure anyof the physical quantities that characterize electric , mag-netic, and electromagnetic fields.

9 Comprehensive de-scriptions of instrumentation and measurement tech-niques for accurately determining such physicalquantities may be found elsewhere (NCRP 1981; IEEE1992; NCRP 1993; DIN VDE 1995).Compliance with the present GUIDELINES may notnecessarily preclude interference with, or effects on,medical devices such as metallic prostheses, cardiacpacemakers and defibrillators, and cochlear with pacemakers may occur at levels belowthe recommended reference levels. Advice on avoidingthese problems is beyond the scope of the presentdocument but is available elsewhere (UNEP/WHO/IRPA1993).These GUIDELINES will be periodically revised andupdated as advances are made in identifying the adversehealth effects of time-varying electric , magnetic , andelectromagnetic AND UNITSW hereas electric fields are associated only with thepresence of electric charge, magnetic fields are the resultof the physical movement of electric charge (electriccurrent).

10 An electric field ,E, exerts forces on an electriccharge and is expressed in volt per meter (V m21).Similarly, magnetic fields can exert physical forces onelectric charges, but only when such charges are inmotion. electric and magnetic fields have both magni-tude and direction ( , they are vectors). A magneticfield can be specified in two ways as magnetic fluxdensity,B, expressed in tesla (T), or as magnetic fieldstrength,H, expressed in ampere per meter (A m21). Thetwo quantities are related by the expression:B5mH,(1)wheremis the constant of proportionality (the magneticpermeability); in a vacuum and in air, as well as innon- magnetic (including biological) materials,mhas thevalue 4p31027when expressed in henry per meter(H m21). Thus, in describing a magnetic field forprotection purposes, only one of the quantitiesBorHneeds to be the far- field region, the plane-wave model is agood approximation of the electromagnetic field propa-gation.


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