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idro vol. 2. I-XXXVI eng - Treccani

ENCYCLOPAEDIAOFHYDROCARBONSISTITUTO DELLA ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANAFONDATA DA GIOVANNI Treccani ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDC opyright byISTITUTO DELLA ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANAFONDATA DA GIOVANNI Treccani in ItalyPhotolith and printing byMARCHESI GRAFICHE EDITORIALI Flaminia, 995/997 - 00189 RomaCHAIRMANR oberto PoliCHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERP aolo ScaroniDIRECTORSA lberto Cl , Renzo Costi, Dario Fruscio, Marco Pinto, Marco Reboa,Mario Resca, Pierluigi ScibettaISTITUTO DELLA ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANAPRESIDENTF rancesco Paolo CasavolaBOARD OF DIRECTORSVICE PRESIDENTC esare GeronziGian Mario Anselmi, Roberto Artoni, Pierluigi Ciocca, Marcello De Cecco, Giuseppede Vergottini, Giovanni Fiori, Ademaro Lanzara, Federico Pepe, Riccardo Perissich,Giovanni Puglisi, Giuseppe VaccaMANAGING DIRECTORF rancesco Tat SCIENTIFIC COUNCILC arlo Azeglio Ciampi, Francesco Cossiga, Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Giovanni Conso,Rita Levi-Montalcini; Mario Agrimi, Adriano Alippi, Girolamo Arnaldi, BaccioBaccetti, Giuseppe Franco Bassani, Mario Beccari, Giuseppe Bedeschi, GiampioBracchi, Pietro Calissano, Luciano Canfora, Mario Caravale, Sergio Carr , EnricoCastel

XV INDEX OF VOLUME II REFINING AND PETROCHEMICALS 1 – OIL REFINING INDUSTRY: GENERAL ASPECTS Carlo Giavarini 1.1 – STRUCTURES AND SCHEMES 3 1.1.1 – The aims of refining 3

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Transcription of idro vol. 2. I-XXXVI eng - Treccani

1 ENCYCLOPAEDIAOFHYDROCARBONSISTITUTO DELLA ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANAFONDATA DA GIOVANNI Treccani ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDC opyright byISTITUTO DELLA ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANAFONDATA DA GIOVANNI Treccani in ItalyPhotolith and printing byMARCHESI GRAFICHE EDITORIALI Flaminia, 995/997 - 00189 RomaCHAIRMANR oberto PoliCHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERP aolo ScaroniDIRECTORSA lberto Cl , Renzo Costi, Dario Fruscio, Marco Pinto, Marco Reboa,Mario Resca, Pierluigi ScibettaISTITUTO DELLA ENCICLOPEDIA ITALIANAPRESIDENTF rancesco Paolo CasavolaBOARD OF DIRECTORSVICE PRESIDENTC esare GeronziGian Mario Anselmi, Roberto Artoni, Pierluigi Ciocca, Marcello De Cecco, Giuseppede Vergottini, Giovanni Fiori, Ademaro Lanzara, Federico Pepe, Riccardo Perissich,Giovanni Puglisi, Giuseppe VaccaMANAGING DIRECTORF rancesco Tat SCIENTIFIC COUNCILC arlo Azeglio Ciampi, Francesco Cossiga, Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Giovanni Conso,Rita Levi-Montalcini.

2 Mario Agrimi, Adriano Alippi, Girolamo Arnaldi, BaccioBaccetti, Giuseppe Franco Bassani, Mario Beccari, Giuseppe Bedeschi, GiampioBracchi, Pietro Calissano, Luciano Canfora, Mario Caravale, Sergio Carr , EnricoCastelnuovo, Francesco Clementi, Piero Coda, Adele Benedetta Craveri, FrancescoD Agostino, Giuseppe Dalla Torre, Nino Dazzi, Antonio Fazio, Domenico Fisichella,Giuseppe Galasso, Paolo Galluzzi, Emma Giammattei, Antonio Giuliano, GherardoGnoli, Augusto Graziani, Tullio Gregory, Maurizio Iaccarino, Carlo Jean,Fiorella Kostoris Padoa Schioppa, Luigi Labruna, Lucio Lanfranchi, Carlo MariaOssola, Giorgio Parisi, Sandro Petruccioli, Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, GianTommaso Scarascia Mugnozza, Pietro Scoppola, Salvatore Settis, Francesco Sicilia,Fulvio Tessitore, Edoardo Vesentini, Vera ZamagniBOARD OF AUDITORSG ianfranco Graziadei, Chairman; Mario Perrone, Saverio SignoriLuciano Pagliaro, Delegate of the State Auditor s DepartmentENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONSPROJECT DIRECTORSM ario Beccari, Ugo RomanoSCIENTIFIC CO-ORDINATING COMMITTEEPier Federico Barnaba, Piero Bernardini, Giovanni Brighenti, Sergio Carr , Alberto Cl ,Carlo Giavarini, Renzo Mazzei, Ferruccio Trifir EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTC hief Editor: Carlo AmadeiTechnical-Scientific Area.

3 Supervisors: Fabio Sebastiani; Maria Teresa Amoroso. Chemistry: AndreaCiccioli, Alessandro Di Menno Di Bucchianico, Antonio Di Meo - Physics: Maria GraziaIanniello -Engineering: Lucilla Monteleone, Roberto Steindler - Biological, Geological andNatural Sciences: Francesca Beolchini, Simona Martullo, Francesca Ricci, Paola VinesiLegal, Economics and Historical-Geographical Area. Supervisors:Giandomenico Patrizi; Pino : Fabio Di Fonzo, Fabiana Di Porto, Bianca Maria Raganelli - Economics: Chiara d Auria,Giuseppe Smargiassi - Geography: Arianna Ballabene - History: Silvia DionisiItalian language edition. Supervisor:Enrico Piccioni. Ilenia Romana Cassetta, Fabio Catino,Claudio Censori, Marina Chiarioni, Katia Fur a, Patrizia Greganti, Tom s Kub c ek (illustrations),Michela Mastroddi, Enza Milanesi, Simona Nucciarelli, Stefano Petrocchi, Tiziana Provvidera,Laura Volpe English language edition.

4 Co-ordination: Cosima Campagnolo. Janice Calf, Hannah Chapman, AnneColbeck, Johanna Erhardt, Francesca Fava, Patrick O Keeffe, Mary Anne Tafuri. Consultant:Peter Joseph : Andrea Baldi, Richard Bates, Anthony James Casling, Paolo Cioni, AlbertaCrescenzi, Paolo Del Giudice, Paul Michael Garwood, Elena Giavarini, Peter JosephGlendening, Michael Harris, Erika Louisa Milburn, Valentina Palombi, John M. Purtell,Lenore Rosenberg, Stefano SalpietroSecretaries: Pasqualina Leone, Tiziana Pieretti, Alessandra Sacchetti ART DEPARTMENTArt Director: Gerardo CasaleGraphics: Giuseppe De GregoriIllustration sourcing: Daniele Piselli; Claudio Cigognetti; Anna Maria Ciai, Bernardo Ruzicka,Angelo ZanniDrawings: Marina Paradisi; Giuseppina Elia, Massimo Montelli, Anna Olivieri, FrancescaOttaviano, Paola Salvatori (cartography)Graphics and layout: Giuseppe De Gregori(control)Quality control: Anna Rita De NardisSecretaries: Aurora Corvesi, Carla Proietti ChecchiLIBRARYG abriella Miggiano; Marina Battaglini, Massimo Menna, Giuliana ScudderSecretary: Gabriella MichettiPUBLISHING DEPARTMENTP ublishing administration: Luisa Fus.

5 Cecilia Rucci, Mirella AielloPlanning: Luisa Cinquina; Alessia Pagnano, Tiziana PicconiQuality control: Rosalba Lanza; Simonetta PaoluzziIndustrial production: Maria Devrushian; Loreta LucchettiSecretary: Eliana NaddeoPUBLISHING DIRECTORM assimo Brayvolume iiREFINING AND PETROCHEMICALSSCIENTIFIC CO-ORDINATIONC arlo Giavarini, Ferruccio Trifir ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONSXVINDEX OF VOLUME IIREFINING AND PETROCHEMICALS1 OIL refining industry : GENERAL ASPECTSC arlo STRUCTURES AND SCHEMES The aims of refining Historical development of the refining refining The structure and complexity of Off Operating THE PRODUCTS OF REFINING25 Fiorella Introduction Liquefied petroleum Hydrocarbon Gas Fuel oils38 Alessandro The petroleum waxes41 Riccardo Bitumens49 Michelangelo Di THE HYDROGEN Hydrogen production in Hydrogen Optimization of hydrogen management in Hydrogen recovery systems682 DISTILLATION PROCESSESD avid The nature of crude Petroleum fraction Simulation of crude oil distillation Mathematical modelling of distillation Solving the MESH Condensers and

6 Design Solving the MESH equations for the fully equipped distillation Side-strippers87 Paolo Ricci, Romolo ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION OF CRUDE Stripping and Problems of corrosion and Operating variables100 Paolo Ricci, Romolo VACUUM DISTILLATION OF ATMOSPHERIC Vacuum distillation Operating Vacuum Features of the contact Problems of corrosion and materials1103 PROCESSES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESC arlo Evolution and diffusion of hydrotreating Chemistry and thermodynamics of the Kinetics and reaction Operating Other hydrotreating processes132 Jean-Pierre Ballaguet, C cile Barr SULPHUR H2S recovery The Claus Tail gas Safety and environmental issues1584 PROCESSES TO IMPROVE THE QUALITIES OF DISTILLATESM argaret CATALYTIC General process Process chemistry and Process Industrial technologies166 Margaret C5/C6isomerization.

7 General C5/C6isomerization Molecular sieve technologies for separation and C4isomerization177 Carlo Process chemistry and Process Catalysts and reaction Sulphuric acid alkylation Fluoridic acid alkylation Processes with solid acid Hazards and corrosion Process and operating variables191 Marco Di Girolamo, Domenico ETHERIFICATION Aspects related to use of oxygenates in fuel Chemistry and Processes2045 THERMAL CONVERSION PROCESSESB harat B. Bansal, Joseph A. Fruchtbaum, Aldrich H. Northup, Rao Evolution of the coking process and its role in the Process Coking Process Support process operations226 David Process Chemistry, thermodynamics and Operating variables237 David THERMAL Process Chemistry, thermodynamics and Processes2426 CATALYTIC CONVERSION CATALYTIC CRACKING247 Carlo Principles and development247 Mark Industrial technologies263 Arthur J.

8 Dahlberg, Ujjal K. HYDROCRACKING Evolution of Hydrocracking Operating variables294 XVIII7 DEEP CONVERSION OF RESIDUESRay Evolution of Basic principles of solvent Deasphalting Operating Product THE HYDROCONVERSION OF RESIDUES309 Carlo Background and basics309 Avinash Gupta, David LC-Fining process314 Guido Collodi, Domenico Rudiments of the gasification Gasification Applications of synthesis gas (syngas) Integration of gasification in the refinery Environmental Commercial aspects3388 LUBRICATING OIL MANUFACTUREA lessandro GENERAL ASPECTS AND Lubricant base Developments in lubricant base oils processing343 Alessandro TECHNOLOGICAL Base oil production Blending3659 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONIN THE refining INDUSTRYD omenico Barone, Alberto Gabrielli, Giuseppe SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN Introduction Principles of evaluation and mitigation of the Safety management Safety technologies 386 Giuseppe ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN Environmental management Management of emissions into the Management of water Waste Management of raw materials.

9 Finished products and Monitoring40210 BULK PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION LINESIN THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRYI talo Pasquon, Pio THE PETROCHEMICAL The development of the petrochemical Raw materials and base Production NATURAL GAS UPGRADING455 Gianni Girotti, Franco Petrochemical intermediates from natural gas455 Jim M. Selected technologies for natural gas upgrading463Ib Dybkj r, Thomas Rostrup-Nielsen, Kim SYNTHESIS GAS AND Gas conversion Hydrogen METHANOL, DIMETHYL ETHER, AMMONIA, UREA501Ib Dybkj r, Torben N rgaard, Jens Perregaard, Finn Joensen, Haldor Tops Methanol Dimethyl ether Ammonia technologies514 Domenico Sanfilippo, Giampiero Urea technologies544 Sanjeev ETHYLENE AND AROMATICS591 Vladas Aromatics production and use591 Carlo Aromatic intermediates in petrochemical industry60611 SYNTHESIS OF INTERMEDIATES FOR THE PETROCHEMICAL OXIDATION PROCESSES617 Fabrizio Cavani.

10 Gabriele Gas phase oxidation processes617 Philippe Oxidation processes in liquid phase with oxygen636 Mario G. Clerici, Marco Ricci, Franco Oxidation processes with hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxides661 Domenico Sanfilippo, Ivano Miracca, Ferruccio Trifir DEHYDROGENATION Dehydrogenation of light paraffin (2-5 carbon atoms) Dehydrogenation of heavy Dehydrogenation of ethyl Future developments697 Sigmund M. Csicsery ACID OR BASE CATALYSED PROCESSES Heterogeneous Selected catalytic processes based on acid or base Conclusions and challenges717 Fausto HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WITH CARBON MONOXIDEIN CARBON-CARBON BOND FORMING Properties and reactivity of carbon Metal carbonyls and their derivatives.


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