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Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India

1 Supported by Global Green Growth Institute Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India Draft Final Report Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 2 The Energy and Resources Institute 2015 Suggested format for citation T E R I. 2015 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India . New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. 34 pp. Author Suneel Pandey, Associate Director, TERI Email: Jai Kishan Malik, Research Associate, TERI Email: Reviewer Shri Prakash, Distinguished Fellow, TERI Email: For more information Project Monitoring Cell T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 Darbari Seth Block E-mail IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 New Delhi 110 003 Web i i India India +91 Delhi (0)11 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 3 Table of Contents 1 Background.

Industrial and urban waste management in India 5 1 Background With increasing population, the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the country

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Transcription of Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India

1 1 Supported by Global Green Growth Institute Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India Draft Final Report Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 2 The Energy and Resources Institute 2015 Suggested format for citation T E R I. 2015 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India . New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. 34 pp. Author Suneel Pandey, Associate Director, TERI Email: Jai Kishan Malik, Research Associate, TERI Email: Reviewer Shri Prakash, Distinguished Fellow, TERI Email: For more information Project Monitoring Cell T E R I Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 Darbari Seth Block E-mail IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 New Delhi 110 003 Web i i India India +91 Delhi (0)11 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 3 Table of Contents 1 Background.

2 5 2 Policy framework .. 6 3 Institutional Framework for Implementation .. 9 4 Challenges .. 11 5 Learnings from international good practices .. 13 Brazil .. 13 Europe .. 13 6 Measures for adopting green growth .. 14 Integrated solid Waste Management .. 14 Financing Mechanisms .. 16 Subsidies .. 17 Loans from government or other financial institutions .. 18 Incentives to invest in Waste sector .. 18 Challenges in the financial support to solid Waste Management .. 19 Use of Economic Instruments .. 20 Public private partnership .. 21 Use of technology .. 24 Collection .. 24 Recycling .. 26 Composting .. 26 Waste to Energy .. 27 Deployment of technology .. 29 7 Ways forward .. 30 8 References .. 34 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 4 List of Tables Table 1: Projections of Waste production in India at an all India level for 2011, 2021, 2031 and 2041.

3 6 Table 2: Major landmarks in the history of Waste Management in India .. 7 Table 3: Role of different institutions in solid Waste Management .. 11 Table 4: Knowledge barriers and interventions .. 15 Table 5: Administrative/policy barriers and interventions .. 15 Table 6: Recommended cost sharing for MSWM activities .. 19 Table 7 Financial Barriers and interventions .. 20 Table 8: Projects involving PPP under JnNURM .. 22 Table 9: Projects which received funding from MNRE .. 28 Table 10: Technological barriers and interventions .. 29 List of Figures Figure 1: Role of different agencies in Waste Management .. 10 Figure 2 Composition of municipal solid Waste in India .. 24 List of Boxes Box 1: Regional Waste Management approach in Gujarat .. 12 Box 2: Case study on efficient collection system.

4 25 Box 3: Case study on recycling of paper Waste .. 26 Box 4: Case study for biogas technology .. 28 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 51 Background With increasing population, the Management of municipal solid Waste (MSW) in the country has emerged as a severe problem not only because of the environmental and aesthetic concerns but also because of the sheer quantities generated every day. According to the Central Pollution Control Board, 1,27,486 TPD (tons per day) of MSW was generated in India during 2011. Of the total Waste generated, approximately 89,334 TPD (70%) of MSW was collected and only 15,881 TPD ( ) was processed or treated (CPCB, 2013). Segregation at source, collection, transportation, treatment and scientific disposal of Waste was largely insufficient leading to degradation of environment and poor quality of life.

5 This paper primarily focuses on the issues related to the Management of municipal solid Waste . The key issues impacting proper Management of MSW include the following: Limited primary collection at the doorstep Reluctance in public to take ownership Unavailability of adequate funds Lack of access to proper technology; and Unscientific disposal of MSW at dump sites In addition, as per CPCB estimates, the class I1 cities and class II2 towns in the country generate around 38,254 MLD (Million Litres per Day) of sewage of which only 11,787 MLD (31%) is treated and balance is discharged untreated (Ref). The key issue regarding sewage collection treatment and disposal at the national as well as state level is inadequate provision of sewage treatment facilities which is one of the major cause of pollution of water bodies in the country.

6 As per the estimates of CPCB, annually around million Metric Ton (MT) of hazardous Waste is generated from 40,000 industries in the country, of which landfillable Waste is million MT ( ), incinerable million MT ( ) and recyclable hazardous Waste is million MT ( ). (CPCB, 2010) The mechanism of disposal of hazardous wastes lacks proper enforcement resulting in abandoned hazardous Waste dumps. These abandoned disposal sites have the potential to cause soil and groundwater contamination due to heavy metals and other toxic compounds, some of which bio-accumulate through the food chain, thereby posing long-term health risks. The present treatment capacity for Industrial wastewater is 1/6th (142 MLD) of total generation. So the total Industrial wastewater generation can be pegged at around 850 MLD.

7 The rate of municipal Waste generation in India in 2011 was T/day. This was divided by the then Urban population to get the per capita Waste generation rate of kg/day. The amount of Waste generated per capita is estimated to increase at the rate of annually. (Pappu et al., 2007). Using the Urban population projections in the year 2011, 2021, 2031 and 2041, the total amount of Waste generated in India can be calculated as shown 1 Class I: Pop u lation 100,000 an d above 2 Class II: Pop u lation 50,000 to 99,999 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 6in the table 1 (Scenario B, PFI). As clear from the table the daily Waste generation in Urban areas is expected to rise by almost 146% by 2051.

8 Table 1: Projection s of w aste p rod u ction in In d ia at an all In d ia level for 2011, 2021, 2031 and 2041 Source: Pop u lation p r ojection s from Scen ario B, Pop u lation forecast of In d ia 2 Policy framework The status of solid Waste Management is considered as a development indicator as it has direct link to issues like sanitation and public health. Thus, Management of solid Waste generated in a country must be one of the priorities while forming policies at national level. However, the situation of solid Waste and sanitation in India has always been questionable. The major reasons, particularly in Urban areas, are economic growth, migration from cities, unplanned land use and, most importantly, the lack of proper legislations on solid Waste Management .

9 One of the foremost regulations in the Waste Management sector was the Hazardous Waste ( Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 followed by Bio-Medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998. However, the specifications regarding the roles and responsibility of Waste Management and the protocol to be followed in municipal Waste collection, segregation, processing and disposal were missing. As a result, the sanitation standards in cities were not up to the mark. It was observed that often the Waste from all over the city was dumped at the periphery of cities in low lying area which later got inhabited slums and unauthorized colonies for picking up recyclable Waste . As the Waste was not segregated and included bio-medical, Industrial and e- Waste , it was a serious threat to public health.

10 Thus public interest litigation (PIL) was filed in the Supreme Court in 1996 against the Government of India and municipal corporations responsible for solid Waste Management ; following which a committee was appointed to look into the matter. The committee submitted the final recommendation in 1999. The Ministry of Environment and Forest was then directed to act India Per capita Waste generated (Kg/day) Urban Population (x 1000) Waste generated (T/day) 2011 2021 436690 17728107 2031 516372 239240 2041 Industrial and Urban Waste Management in India 7on the recommendations and develop appropriate rules for Management of municipal solid Waste (Zhu, Asnani, Zurbrugg, Anapolsku, & Mani, 2008). The institutional framework on solid Waste Management is still in development.


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