Ink Jet Formulation- The Art of Color Chemistry …

1 AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedPresented by Michael A. AndreottolaPresident & , American Ink Jet CorporationWorld Expo 2005, August 24-26, 2005, Las VegasInk Jet Formulation- The Art of Color ChemistryAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedHistory & Qualifications of American Ink Jet CorporationvPrivately Held Company founded in 1984 by Michael Andreottola, President & CEOvOver 30 years experience focused only on ink jet inksAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedBackgroundvLeading manufacturer of compatible inks v1stto address fine art inksv1stto offer fade resistant dye based inksvProduce inks for several wide format OEM printer manufacturesAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001.

2 2000 CertifiedAccomplishments1985 Developed High Color Gamut Ink for Applicon Ink Jet Printers1988 First Company to Produce SWOP Inks for Ink Jet Printers1990 Introduced NASH Inks for Fine Art Market1991 Developed First Waterproof Ink/Paper System for Army1992 Developed First Graphic Arts Ink for Use in Encad Ink Jet Printers1995 First Company to Introduce Ink Refill Kits, Compatible Cartridges & Papers to Staples1996 Achieved ISO 2001 Certification1999 Developed Jasmine Inks for Encad Printers2000 Toll Manufacturing; Developed Pinnacle Gold Lightfast Ink forIris PrintersAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 Certified1867 Lord KelvinFirst practical experiments1878 Lord RayleighBasic physics of drop formation1929 HansellElectrostatic deflection to write1938 GenschmerPulsed pressure drop ejector1951 ElmquistFirst application -recorder1968AB DickVideojet 9600 coding printer1968 Sweet/CummingBinary jet array1968 HertzContinuous Jet (Hertz)

3 1977 EndoBubble Jet1984 Hewlett-PackardThinkjet1984 Seiko EpsonPiezo ink jet1986 DataproductsSI-480 solid ink jet printer1992 KodakThermal ink jet1992 HPDeskJet 500C1994 CanonBubble Jet 2001994 Lexmark, XeroxThermal ink jet1995 TektronixPhaser 340 phase change transferHistory of Ink Jet PrintingAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedFacilitiesvResearch and Development carried on in Billerica, Massachusetts USAvManufacturing in Billerica, Massachusetts USAvZhuhai, China (2ndQTR 2005)AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedInk ManufacturingAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedInk ManufacturingAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedInk ManufacturingAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001.

4 2000 CertifiedCalibrated Color ChemistryvC3 Calibrated Color ChemistryTMvCulmination of AIJ s standards, techniques, and procedures for manufacturing emerging & traditional ink jet rather than Trade-offsvC3 optimizes Color , stability and economic characteristics to the requirements of the enabling ArtvC3 fosters synergy by advancing Color science, physics & Chemistry Future of Ink Jet PrintingvAIJ s C3 approach to ink jet manufacturing is dedicated to realizing the findings of Color science to build and deliver the best imaging and output technology INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedDual Aspects of Ink DevelopmentCHEMICAL SCIENCEvMust be designed for compatibility with hardwarevMust be suitable to applicationvMust be a reliable solution/suspensionCOLOR SCIENCEvMust be designed for compatibility with softwarevMust be suitable to applicationvMust maintain consistent density and accuracyAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedvWHEREvFine Art PrintingvFine Art ReproductionvPhotographic ReproductionvWHYvAdvances Jet Droplet SizesvPrinthead TechnologyvPhoto and Fine Art Ink Jet MediavInk Jet Printer Cost DownDesktop & Wide Format Digital Imaging Cross-OverAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedApplications.

5 Driving the New Ink TechnologyvFINE ART PRINTINGvTypes of Paper UsedvSomersetvArchesvInk RequirementsvHighly ChromaticvHighly SaturatedvLightfastAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedApplications: Driving The New Ink TechnologyvTEXTILEvClothvPre and Post Treatments to acquire PermanencevInk RequirementsvSpecific Dye Class to react with ClothvInks must be Highly SaturatedAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedvConsistencyvRepeatabilityvColo r Match vPrint Image QualityWhat do customers want from their ink?AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedInk formulation Requirements INKGood StabilityLow ViscosityHigh Surface TensionConductivityLong Shelf LifeNon-FlammableNon-ToxicNo Biological GrowthDye SolubilityMATERIAL COMPATIBILITYNon-CorrosivePlastics CompatibleAdhesives CompatibleNo Particulate FormationDROPEJECTIONU niform Drop SizeHigh Drop VelocityHigh Drop FrequencyNo Orifice WettingNon-CrustingNon-CloggingPRINTHigh Optical DensityColor QualityFading ResistanceLightfastnessWaterfastnessSolv ent ResistanceSmear ResistanceOff-SettingCrack ResistanceMedia SensitivitySpreadingFeatheringDry TimeAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedTRADITIONALLY.

6 Optimizing ink composition for one requirement happens at the expense of another requirementDry TimeNozzleMaintenancePrintQualityInk formulation Trade-OffsAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedDesign of Ink Jet InksvPhysical PropertiesvViscosityvSurface TensionvConductivityvPurityvFiltration Properties of Dyes & PigmentsvEnd User PropertiesvPrint Quality of SamplesAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedIt s All in the InkViscositypHSurface TensionConductivityFilterabilityParticle SizeColorAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedViscosityDEFINITION: How easily an ink will flow. A property of a fluid that A property of a fluid that characterizes its perceived thickness or resistance to characterizes its perceived thickness or resistance to pouring.

7 Viscosity along with surface tension determines pouring. Viscosity along with surface tension determines drop too high ink may not flow through print head, starvation may also too low ink will leak through print headUNTIS OF MEASUREMENT:Centipoise(cP)Centipoise(cP) AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedViscometerEQUIPMENT: Viscometer at a cost of $1,000 to $7,000 US. Requires a constant temperature bath at a cost of $2,000 to $10,000. Must check daily and calibrate at least PROCESS:Ink must be run at a constant temperature, volume and speed to ensure accurate & consistent measurementsAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedpHDEFINITION:The acidity or alkalinity of the finished ink.

8 Colorants also can determine the pH of ink as each dye has its own stable pH too acidic cogation/damage to print head electronics and other metal too alkaline cogation/damage to print OF MEASURMENT:A scale of 0 to 14. A pH of less than 7 is acidic; a pH of A scale of 0 to 14. A pH of less than 7 is acidic; a pH of greater than 7 is alkaline. A pH of 7 is than 7 is alkaline. A pH of 7 is INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedWhat is pH? The term pH derives from a combination of p for the word power and H for the symbol of the element ChartAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedSurface TensionDEFINITION:A measure of energy necessary to increase the surface area A measure of energy necessary to increase the surface area of a liquid.

9 This along with viscosity determines drop size and of a liquid. This along with viscosity determines drop size and determines how much a drop of ink will penetrate and spread determines how much a drop of ink will penetrate and spread on the the too high ink droplets will be too small and the droplets may not spread enough resulting in white space or underbanding; image will appear too too low ink droplets may spread too much causing ink droplets may spread too much causing excessive bleed, wickingand and overbanding. Also, the drops may become too large reducing image image OF MEASUREMENT:Dynes per centimeterAMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedConductivityDEFINITION:This is a crucial measurement in determining the purity This is a crucial measurement in determining the purity of an ink.

10 Since dyes usually contain a quantity of of an ink. Since dyes usually contain a quantity of salts NaC1 and Nasalts NaC1 and Na22OO44S, significant amounts of S, significant amounts of these salts can precipitate from the ink and cause these salts can precipitate from the ink and cause clogging of the of the OF MEASUREMENT:milli Siemens(mS)milli Siemens(mS)AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATIONISO 9001:2000 CertifiedConductivity ProbeEQUIPMENT: Conductivity probe at a cost of $200 to $2, PROCESS: Ink should be measured within a predefined temperature range for consistency and accuracy of readings. The conductivity probe and/or cell constant of the probe is key, as different probes accurately measure conductivity only within specific conductivity ranges.