Integrated Pest Management in Indian Agriculture

1 Hkk vuqi PROCEEDINGS 11. ICAR. Integrated Pest Management in Indian Agriculture Editors Pratap S. Birthal O. P. Sharma NATIONAL CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND. POLICY RESEARCH (NCAP), NEW DELHI, INDIA. NATIONAL CENTRE FOR Integrated PEST Management (NCIPM). NEW DELHI, INDIA. NCAP Publication Committee S. Selvarajan B. C. Barah Suresh Pal Rasheed Sulaiman, V. P. Adhiguru NCAP has been established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with a view to upgrading agricultural economics research through integration of economic input in planning, designing, and evaluation of agricultural research programs and strengthening the competence in agricultural policy analysis within the Council. The Centre is assigned a leadership role in this area not only for various ICAR. Institutes but also for the State Agricultural Universities.

2 With a view to making agricultural research a more effective instrument for agricultural and rural change and strengthening the policy making and planning machinery, the Centre undertakes and sponsors research in agricultural economics relating to the problems of regional and national importance. Integrated Pest Management in Indian Agriculture Editors Pratap S. Birthal O. P. Sharma Proceedings 11. NATIONAL CENTRE FOR NATIONAL CENTRE FOR. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Integrated PEST Management . AND POLICY RESEARCH (NCAP) (NCIPM). NEW DELHI, INDIA NEW DELHI, INDIA. Proceedings 11. Integrated Pest Management in Indian Agriculture Edited by Pratap S. Birthal, O. P. Sharma Published January 2004. Published by Dr Mruthyunjaya Director, NCAP. Printed at Chandu Press D-97, Shakarpur Delhi - 110 092. Pratap S.

3 Birthal is Senior Scientist at NCAP, New Delhi and O. P. Sharma is Senior Scientist at NCIPM, New Delhi. Contents Foreword v Acknowledgements vii 1. Integrated Pest Management in Indian Agriculture : 1. An Overview Pratap S. Birthal 2. Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture 11. Amerika Singh and Sharma 3. Integrated Pest Management in Rice in India: 25. Status and Prospects Pasalu, B. Mishra, Krishnaiah and Gururaj Katti 4. Integrated Pest Management Techniques for 51. Rainfed Rice Ecologies Singh and S. Sasmal 5. Integrated Pest Management in Basmati Rice 65. Garg and Singh 6. Integrated Management of Groundnut Diseases in India 77. S. Pande, J. Narayana Rao and Ahmed 7. Integrated Pest Management in Vegetable Crops 95. Krishna Moorthy and Krishna Kumar 8. Integrated Pest Management in Chickpea and Pigeonpea 109.

4 Vishwa Dhar and R. Ahmad i 9. Integrated Pest Management in Rainfed Cotton 119. Sharma, Bambawale, Lavekar and A. Dhandapani 10. Economic Evaluation of Pest Management 129. Technologies in Cotton Pratap S. Birthal 11. Economics of Integrated Pest Management in Rice and 145. Cotton in Punjab Malik 12. Adoption and Impact of Integrated Pest Management in 161. Important Crops in Haryana Choudhary 13. Economics of Integrated Pest Management in 175. Major Crops of Andhra Pradesh Dixit and Rai 14. Economics of Integrated Pest Management in 185. Paddy in Bihar Amalendu Kumar 15. Farmers' Perceptions, Knowledge and Practices 195. Related to Rice IPM A Case Study Gururaj Katti, Pasalu, Rao, Varma and K. Krishnaiah 16. Promotion of IPM: Efforts and Experiences of 207. Private Sector C. S. Pawar and Indulkar 17.

5 Accelerating Adoption of IPM through Collective Action 215. Pratap S. Birthal ii 18. Socio-Economic, Environmental and Institutional 227. Aspects in IPM Adoption A. Pouchepparadjou, P. Kumaravelu, S. Selvam and P. Nasurudeen 19. Infrastructure Incentives and Progress of 237. Integrated Pest Management In India Pawar and Misra 20. The Future of Integrated Pest Management in India 261. Dubey and Sharma iii Foreword Agricultural production in India increased dramatically during the last four decades, leading to an era of food self-sufficiency. The remarkable growth was achieved through the uptake of newer technologies in the form of high yielding crop varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as from the expansion of cropped area. Nevertheless, the growth in agricultural production needs to be sustained to meet the food demand of ever increasing population.

6 Since the prospects for bringing additional land under cultivation are limited, growth in agricultural production has to come from productivity increases. In other words, technology will be a key to future growth of Agriculture . Insect pests, diseases and weeds inflict enormous losses to the potential agricultural production. Anecdotal evidences also indicate rise in the losses, despite increasing use of chemical pesticides. At the same time, there is a rising public concern about the potential adverse effects of chemical pesticides on the human health, environment and biodiversity. These negative externalities, though, cannot be eliminated altogether, their intensity can be minimized through development, dissemination and promotion of alternative technologies such as biopesticides and bioagents as well as good agronomic practices rather relying solely on chemical pesticides.

7 India has a vast flora and fauna that have the potential for developing into commercial technologies. Plant protection research has generated many technologies using flora and fauna. A few have been standardized for commercial application, and are claimed to provide better pest control and crop economics than the conventional chemical control, when used in conjunction with other pest control measures. The strategy is often referred to as Integrated Pest Management '. Nevertheless, the adoption of biopesticides and bioagents remains extremely low owing to a number of factors relating to technology, socio-economic, institutional and policy. The papers presented in this volume examine these factors, and suggest measures v for large-scale adoption of these technologies. We hope this volume will be of immense use to the policymakers, researchers, administrators and farmers.

8 Mruthyunjaya Amerika Singh Director Director National Centre for Agricultural National Centre for Economics and Policy Research Integrated Pest Management New Delhi New Delhi vi Acknowledgements The volume is a compilation of the selected papers presented in the workshop on Integrated Pest Management in Indian Agriculture ' organized jointly by the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), and the National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) during 2-3 August, 2001 with an objective to take stock of IPM. research and development efforts and to draw lessons to improve the effectiveness and adoption of IPM. Fifty participants including researchers, administrators, policymakers, extension personnel, farmers and representatives from the plant protection industry and non-governmental organizations attended the workshop and provided valuable suggestions.

9 We are grateful to every one of them. Our special thanks to Dr. Singh, (Project Directorate on Biological Control), Dr. Indulkar (Plant Protection Association of India) and Dr. Sharma (Biopesticide Association of India) for their valuable suggestions. We are thankful to Dr. Mruthyunjaya and Dr. Amerika Singh for their guidance and support in organizing the workshop, as well as in bringing out this volume. We are also grateful to Prof. Dayanatha Jha, Dr. Joshi and Dr. Singh for their encouragement and support. Mr. Inderjeet Sachdeva, Ms Umeeta Ahuja, Mr. Guarav Tripathi and Mr. S. Nagarajan provided assistance in compilation of this volume. We are thankful to them. We are grateful to Dr. Aggarwal for providing editorial assitance. Financial support received from the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for this work is gratefully acknowledged.

10 Editors vii 1. Integrated Pest Management in Indian Agriculture : An Overview 1. Pratap S. Birthal Introduction Over the next three decades, production of foodgrains in India has to increase at least 2 million tonnes a year to meet the food demand of the growing population (Paroda and Kumar, 2000). In the past, agricultural production increased through area expansion and increasing use of high yielding seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water. Now, prospects of raising agricultural production through area expansion and application of existing technologies appear to be severely constrained. Land frontiers are closing down, and there is little, if any, scope to bring additional land under cultivation. Green revolution technologies have now been widely adopted, and the process of diminishing returns to additional input usage has set in.