Interactive Aerospace Engineering and Design

1 Interactive AerospaceEngineering and DesignAndersonAircraft Performance and DesignAndersonComputational Fluid DynamicsAndersonFundamentals of AerodynamicsAndersonIntroduction to FlightAndersonModern Compressible Fluid FlowBarberIntermediate Mechanics of MaterialsBaruhAnalytical DynamicsBormanCombustion EngineeringBudynasAdvanced Strength and Applied Stress AnalysisCurtisFundamentals of Aircraft Structural AnalysisD Azzo and HoupisLinear Control System Analysis and DesignDonaldsonAnalysis of Aircraft StructuresGibsonPrinciples of Composite Material MechanicsHumbleSpace Propulsion Analysis and DesignHyerStress Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced CompositeMaterialsKellyFundamentals of Mechanical VibrationsMattinglyElements of Gas Turbine PropulsionMeirovitchElements of VibrationMeirovitchFundamentals of VibrationsNelsonFlight Stability and Automatic ControlOosthuizenCompressible Fluid FlowRavenAutomatic Control EngineeringSchlichtingBoundary Layer TheoryShamesMechanics of FluidsTu r n sAn Introduction to CombustionUguralStresses in Plates and ShellsVuDynamics Systems: Modeling and AnalysisWhiteFluid MechanicsWhiteViscous Fluid FlowWieselSpaceflight DynamicsMcGraw-Hill Series in Aeronautical and Aerospace EngineeringJohn D.

2 Anderson Jr., University of Maryland,Consulting EditorInteractive AerospaceEngineering and DesignDava NewmanMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBoston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. LouisBangkok Bogot Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico CityMilan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei TorontoINTERACTIVE Aerospace Engineering AND DESIGNP ublished by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rightsreserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, orstored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.

3 , including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcastfor distance ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside theUnited book is printed on acid-free 0 07 234820 8 ISBN 0 07 112254 0 (ISE)General manager:Thomas E. CassonPublisher:Elizabeth A. JonesSponsoring editor:Jonathan PlantMarketing manager:Ann CavenProject manager:Christine WalkerSenior production supervisor:Sandy LudovissyDesigner:K. Wayne HarmsCover image:NASAS enior photo research coordinator:Carrie K. BurgerPhoto research:Nicholas CommunicationsDigital content specialist:Candy M. KusterMedia technology senior producer:Phillip MeekCompositor:Lachina Publishing Times RomanPrinter:R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company/Crawfordsville, INThe credits section for this book begins on page 331 and is considered an extension of the copyright of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNewman, Dava Aerospace Engineering and Design / Dava J.

4 Newman. 1st (McGraw-Hill series in aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering )Includes bibliographical 0 07 234820 81. Aerospace Engineering . I. Title. II..N48 dc21 2001018722 CIPINTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN 0 07 112254 0 Copyright 2002. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., for manufacture and export. Thisbook cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill. The International Editionis not available in North Higher EducationA Division of The McGraw-Hill CompaniesDedicated to:Guillermo Trotti, for all of the love and thrills he has brought to my life and for all that is to family, the Newmans and Macks whom I love across the CONTENTS1A Brief History of Flight12 Introduction to Engineering203 Aerodynamics364 Aircraft Performance655 Introduction to Structural Engineering946 Aircraft Propulsion1177 Introduction to Aircraft Stability and Control1478 The Space Environment: An Engineering Perspective 1619 Orbital Mechanics19510 Satellite Systems Engineering21411 Human Space Exploration24612 Design .

5 Lighter-Than-Air (LTA) Vehicle Module283 Appendix AUnit Systems and Unit Conversion Factors318 Appendix BPhysical Constants and Miscellaneous Values323viiPrefacexiiiAcknowledgmentsxv ForewordxviiFeatured IconsxixChapter 1A Brief History of and Section: Women in Air Transport War II and the Introduction of of Commercial Use of the Solar System and Permanent Human Presence in Space17 Chapter 2 Introduction to Engineering Big Picture All Started When .. Was Not an Easy by Accident? Ages of Stone Bronze Age to the Iron Writings of Known Middle Industrial is ( Aerospace ) Engineering ? Do ( Aerospace ) Engineers Do? Do ( Aerospace ) Engineers Work? s and Final Our Thinking34 Chapter 3 Aerodynamics Perspective Lift (in Nonballistic Flight) from Fluid Air of on 4 Aircraft Performance Parameters Two-Dimensional Aircraft Engineering of Velocity Stalling Speed of an Lift-to-Drag and Range of an V nDiagram88 Chapter 5 Introduction to StructuralEngineering and Great , Types, and of , Moments, and Static Equilibrium and and Reaction of Solid of of Applications of Trusses113 Chapter 6 Aircraft Propeller (edited from [36]) Equations GoverningPropeller Illustrated Jet Engine (edited from [36]) or or the Compressor and Equations Governing Does a Turbojet Work?

6 Does a Turbofan Work? Does a Turboprop Work? Do Afterburning Turbojets Work? Do Ramjets Work? Do Ultra High Bypass EnginesWork? Engines in of Jet Propulsion Simulator143 Chapter 7 Introduction to Aircraft Stabilityand Control Forces and Moments on an Force on a Moment on a on an Aircraft Longitudinal Calculations and an Example154 Chapter 8 The Space Environment: An Engineering Perspective Is Space? s Temperature Extremes of is Microgravity? of Earth of Near Earth Radiative Activity and Cosmic Van Allen Magnetosphere Impact on Dose Event Surface and Crowding of Specific Atmospheres189 Chapter 9 Orbital Mechanics to Two-Body s s Three s Laws of Motion and s Pendulum s Universal Law of of Energy and Lagrangian Boundary-Value Sections and Polar s Equation of Velocities Solving the Boundary-Value Method for Calculating s Time-of-Flight of Gauss IterativeAlgorithm for the 10 Satellite Systems Engineering to Designing Satellite Operational Satellite System of a Bus Structures, Mechanisms.

7 And Power Communication and Thermal Attitude Determination and Propulsion and Station Mission Case Mission Design Four Satellite Case Summary of Mission Objectives240 Chapter 11 Human Space Exploration Human The Space International Space Space Shuttle Extravehicular EMU Spacesuit Design Russian EVA Different Design Advanced Spacesuit Planetary Support Systems277 Chapter 12 Design : Lighter-Than-Air (LTA)Vehicle Module is Design ? Design as a Design Concurrent Introduction to Design Drawing Engineering Drawing and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) Vehicle Design Objective, Rules, and Judging LTA Design Kits and Ornithopter Laboratory Preliminary Design Completed Design Personal Design LTA Vehicle Design The LTA Vehicles Take Summary311 Appendix AUnit Systems and Unit ConversionFactors International System of Units (SI)

8 Conversion Factors 321 Appendix BPhysical Constants andMiscellaneous Values 323 Bibliography 325 Credits331 Index332xiiContentsIhave written Interactive Aerospace Engineering and Designfor all studentsand learners who imagine flying a human-powered aircraft, being the first tostep on the planet Mars, or have an insatiable curiosity about the governingphysics underpinning the theory of flight. My inspiration began with the ApolloProgram, the first human footsteps on the Moon, and with a desire to see peace-ful human exploration of the solar system and beyond. My heartfelt thanks toBuzz Aldrin for contributing the Foreword. The purpose of this book is to providea stimulating introduction to Aerospace Engineering and Design . The two mainthemes I embrace for delivering my introduction to Engineering thoughts are: hands-on Design where Engineering becomes real, albeit challenging andthrilling.

9 Diversity in learning styles where concepts and Engineering laws can beunderstood through analytical, visual, and immersive techniques that aredelivered through humanitarian Wei Jingsheng said, To write, you must work method-ically, forming your thoughts and prompting other people to think as they requires work at both ends. That s what makes it special. It has been a very special adventure for me, writing this book, reflecting onengineering education, and attempting to provide information and knowledgenot only to assist the reader in thinking about the written words, but also to inviteall readers to actively participate in their own education as well as to engage ina Design process and build and fly their own lighter-than-air vehicle. I hope thatyou enjoy the material as much as I have enjoyed its technology (IT) is now revolutionizing the amount of knowl-edge disseminated worldwide.

10 For the past few years, I have been contemplat-ing how IT can best enhance Engineering education, and I offer the followingperspective: Multimedia and web-based tools provide students with an opportu-nity. The educational opportunity is for students to learn through analysis, visualanimation, and Interactive simulations at our own discretion. In other words, stu-dents are empowered to take charge of their own learning by using well-craftedIT tools that complement traditional knowledge dissemination via lectures andprinted materials. This text describes the fundamentals of Engineering anddesign in printed material enriched by a multimedia CD-ROM with animations,simulations, movie illustrations, and a web interface for electronic access andinteractive demonstrations. Engineering students will find that this book aug-ments their undergraduate core curriculum ( , physics, mathematics, and sci-ence).