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Introducing the ICC/NSSA Standard for Design and ...

11th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan, PR, USAJune 22-26, 2009 Introducing the ICC/NSSA Standard for Design and construction of StormSheltersErnst W. Kiesling, , (Texas)1,Marc L. Levitan, , Rolando E. Vega, , (PR) of Civil Engineering,Texas Tech University,Lubbock, Texas, USA, ExecutiveDirector, National Storm Shelter Association, Member, ICC/NSSA Storm Shelter P. Siess, ; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, Chair, ICC/NSSA Storm Shelter Engineer,Extreme Loads and Structural Risk Division, ABS Consulting,San years have witnessed a significant increase in the number and variety of storm sheltersbeing constructed to protect people from hurricanes and tornadoes. Up to now, informationand requirements for Design of these facilities has beenavailable through a growing mix ofguidelines, regulations, industry standards , and research publications. A major advance in thefield occurred in late 2008 with the publication of a national consensus Standard called ICC 500- ICC/NSSA Standard for the Design and construction of Storm new Standard has been several years in the making.

11th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan, PR, USA June 22-26, 2009 Introducing the ICC/NSSA Standard for Design and Construction of Storm

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1 11th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan, PR, USAJune 22-26, 2009 Introducing the ICC/NSSA Standard for Design and construction of StormSheltersErnst W. Kiesling, , (Texas)1,Marc L. Levitan, , Rolando E. Vega, , (PR) of Civil Engineering,Texas Tech University,Lubbock, Texas, USA, ExecutiveDirector, National Storm Shelter Association, Member, ICC/NSSA Storm Shelter P. Siess, ; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, Chair, ICC/NSSA Storm Shelter Engineer,Extreme Loads and Structural Risk Division, ABS Consulting,San years have witnessed a significant increase in the number and variety of storm sheltersbeing constructed to protect people from hurricanes and tornadoes. Up to now, informationand requirements for Design of these facilities has beenavailable through a growing mix ofguidelines, regulations, industry standards , and research publications. A major advance in thefield occurred in late 2008 with the publication of a national consensus Standard called ICC 500- ICC/NSSA Standard for the Design and construction of Storm new Standard has been several years in the making.

2 The International Code Council(ICC), in conjunction with the National Storm Shelter Association (NSSA) and funded in part bythe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), recently completed a five-year effort todevelop a national consensus Standard for the Design and construction of storm shelters. Theconsensus committee developing the Standard consisted of 18 voting members, supported by anumber of friends of the committee (Figure 1). This group represents a wide cross section ofinterested disciplines, including architects, engineers, building officials, emergency managers,industry representatives, and product manufacturers. These volunteers represent federal, state,and local government agencies, academia, homebuilders, consulting firms, manufacturing firms,and the insurance 500 Standard addresses shelters for hurricanes, tornadoes, and combinedhazards, ranging in size from small in-residence shelters (safe rooms) to large the intention to provide a holistic approach to storm shelters, the provisions of thestandard include structural, architectural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing requirementsfor protection of the shelter occupants from extreme winds, windborne debris, rainfall flooding,storm surge flooding, and related 500 Standard is accredited by the American National standards Institute (ANSI)and is incorporated by reference in the 2009 editions of theInternationalBuilding Code (IBC)and the International Residential Code (IRC).

3 The presentation will discuss Design criteria and will review key aspects and majorprovisions of the Standard . The NSSA process for standards compliance verification will covered are lessons learned about performance of storm sheltersduring recenthurricanes and tornadoes, many of which occurred during the development of ICC 500 andimpacted the provisions of the Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan, PR, USAJune 22-26, 2009 Figure 1-- ICC 500 Committee and StaffGENESIS OFSTORMSHELTERSTANDARDSPost-storm inspectionsof wind effects on the built-up and natural environmenthave beenconducted byTexasTechUniversity personnel and by others since theLubbock tornado of was often observed that a part of a house remained standing even when the house was heavilydamaged or destroyed. Often a small room such as a closet or bathroom remained intact. It wasreckoned that a small area such as a closet, bathroom, or pantry could economically be hardenedand stiffened to provide a high degree of protection from severe winds.

4 Hence the concept of theaboveground storm shelter was born and research andintentionaldesign began to safeguard livesduring extreme wind events. Structural integrity was analyzed using familiar structural analysismethods and debris impact testing began to determine resistance to perforation of common wallsections and first publication presenting the concept and several preliminary designs of stormshelters came in September 1974 with an article in Civil Engineering, ASCE by Kiesling andGoolsby [1].During ensuing years, plans and specifications were slowly developed forresidential shelters. Limited resourceshindered development and very few shelters were builtbecause of the lack of knowledge of the concept andlimited marketing and outreach FEMA publishedTR-83A Interim Guidelines for Building Occupant Protection FromTornadoes and Extreme 1997 Jarrell,Texas tornado inflicted a very heavy death toll and total destruction ofmost homes in a rural subdivision.

5 The severity of the event drew the attention ofthe NationalBroadcasting Company (NBC)who produceda documentary of the damage that aired onDateline NBC. In the same documentary, the concept of the aboveground storm shelter waspresented and some footage of debris impacts on the wall sections conducted atTexasTechUniversity was broadcasted. For the first time the concept of the aboveground storm sheltergained national visibility. Public interest grew as regional television stations did similar the public interest and the potential for the concept, the Federal EmergencyManagement Agency publishedthe first edition ofFEMA 320, Taking Shelter from the Storm:Building a Safe Room Inside Your Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan, PR, USAJune 22-26, 2009 Figure 2-- Founding Members of NSSAThe FEMA 320 publication was available when the 1999 Oklahoma City area tornadoes struck,and the firstHazardMitigation GrantProgram (HMGP) was for the grant were that site-built shelters as per FEMA 320 designs could be approvedby the building inspector.

6 Manufactured shelters, for which no published designs wereavailable, were to be tested atTexasTechUniversity for debris impactresistance. In addition,the shelter Design was required to bear an engineers seal. A number of issues surfacedconcerning performance criteria and the adequacy of designs deal with theseissues, several shelter manufacturers were invited toTexasTechUniversity in 2000 (Figure 2)and formed the National Storm Shelter Association (NSSA). No performance Standard for stormshelters was available, so the newly formed NSSA group began writing a Standard . In that sameyear the first edition of FEMA 361, Design and construction Guidance for Community Shelterswas published. By 2001 the NSSA (industry) Standard for Design and construction of(residential)Storm Shelters was available. It served the industry until it was superseded in 2008by ICC 500, theInternational Code Council/National Storm Shelter Association( ICC/NSSA ) Standard for Design and construction of Storm Shelters [2].

7 The year2008 also saw publicationof the second edition of FEMA 361 and the third edition of FEMA 320, the most-in-demandFEMA publication of all times with almost one million copies provisionsin ICC 500are built on existing resources and experience as well as newresearch. Current shelter Design resources that were heavily relied on in developing the newstandard include: FEMA guidance for Design of in-residence and community shelters (FEMA320 and 361, respectively); the NSSA Standard for shelter Design , construction , andperformance; the American Red Cross Standard for hurricane evacuation shelter selection (ARC4496); and State of Florida requirements for Design of Enhanced Hurricane Protection Areas(EHPA). Recent research was also utilized in developing the Standard , particularly in the areasof hurricane wind speeds and the aerodynamics of windborne Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan, PR, USAJune 22-26, 2009 ICC500 DEVELOPMENT-SCOPEThe ICC 500 was developed with the intent of providing a concise Standard to regulate thedesign and construction of storm shelters to better protect shelter occupants in the event of atornado or hurricane.

8 It was developed by the International Code Council in conjunction withthe National Storm Shelter Association, and funded in part by FEMA. The Standard covers alltypes and sizes of storm shelters, including those for tornadoes and hurricanes, residential andcommunity shelters, above-ground and below ground shelters, and standalone shelters or thoseenclosed or partially enclosed in a host ICC 500 Standard includes some prescriptive provisions but generally does not preclude theuse of alternative designs, technologies, or products so long as they can be demonstrated to beequivalent and function as well or better, and are approved by the authority having listed in the Standard are considered nominal, unless otherwise stated as a maximum or minimum . The Standard specifies occupancy of the spaces as either rooms orspaces within other uses, dedicatedfacilities, or combination storm shelters. Depending upon thetype of occupancy, the shelter must comply with specific codes and standards .

9 TheInternationalBuilding Code is most widely followed, and must be used when no other construction codes of construction and installation of storm shelters and accompanyingequipment will be done in accordance with the project s adopted building code. Communityshelters designed for occupancy of over 300 people (50 in FEMA 361) must undergo a peerreview of compliance by a registered Design professional not involved with the project. Allprojects involving fabrication of major components at the premises of the fabricator will beprovided with special inspections of the fabricator, with the exception of prefabricated orpanelized components that are already inspected, labeled, and approved by an eligible special inspections will be done when alternative materials and/or systems areimplemented, and/or unusual Design and construction applications exist. A registered designprofessional must conduct visual observations of the construction and completion of thestructural system.

10 Any deficiencies must be reported in writing to the owner and authorityhaving jurisdiction. Upon completion of the project, the registered Design professional mustsubmit a written statement indicating proper construction observations were conducted, and anyunresolved documents must include the following items: key Design information ( Design wind speed, enclosure classification, etc), clearly indicated enclosure walls andfloors, signage types and locations, criteria and schedule of inspections required, special detailsor installation instructions for systems ( equipment or hardware), special instructions requiredfor specified functional operation, and a quality assurance plan. The quality assurance plan willprovide detailed construction and Design requirements, quality assurance plan preparation, andcontractor storm shelters must be equipped with a legible and visible sign indicating the name ofthe manufacturer or builder of the shelter, the storm type(s) for which it was designed, anddesign wind speed(s).


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