INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH …

1 INTRODUCTION TOBIOSTATISTICSRESEARCH ANDMETHODSF ifth Sundar RaoJ. RichardIntroduction to Biostatisticsand RESEARCH MethodsFifth Sundar Rao, Dr. Coordinator, The Leprosy Mission Trust IndiaNew DelhiFormer Director, Schieffelin Leprosy RESEARCH and Training CentreKarigiri, Tamil NaduJ. Richard, , BIOSTATISTICS and RESEARCH MethodsFormer Professor and Head, Department of BiostatisticsChristian Medical College, VelloreNew Delhi-1100012012 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODS, Fifth Sundar Rao and J. Richard 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means,without permission in writing from the export rights of this book are vested solely with the Printing (Fifth Edition) January 2012 Published by Asoke K.

2 Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV,HSIDC, Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Scope of Statistical Methods in Medicine1 Tests of Study Design5 Questions 62. Role of Statistics in Clinical Medicine7 Some Examples of Earlier Uses of Areas of Application of Statistics8 Questions 103. Role of Statistics in Preventive Medicine11 Some Early Areas of Application11 Questions 134. Variables14 Definition of Qualitative Quantitative Subjective and Objective Dependent and Independent measurement of Scale of Recording the of of Data18 Questions 195.

3 Frequency Distribution20 Frequency Characteristics of a Frequency Distribution25 Questions 256. Measures of Central Tendency and Location26 Arithmetic Position of Selection of the Appropriate Measure of Central Geometric Harmonic Use of Computer34 Questions 347. Measures of Dispersion35 Interquartile Mean Variance and Standard Alternative Method of Calculating Standard Coefficient of The Use of Computer43 Questions 438. Probability44 The Probability measurement of Laws of Probability for Independent Conditional Bayes Application of Bayes Theorem in Determining Other Applications of Probability51 Questions 549.

4 Probability Distributions55 Binomial Poisson Normal t Other Distributions 61 Questions 61 CONTENTSv10. Sampling62 of Sampling Variation and Sampling (Random) Sampling of Size69 Questions 7011. Basis of Statistical Inference71 I and Type II Errors74 Questions 7512. Tests of Significance and Estimation76 Large Samples: Small Samples: : Examples for Large : Examples for Small Computer Output88 Questions 8913. Linear Regression and Correlation90 and Extensions99 Questions 9914. The Chi-Square Test100 Formula for of Chi-Square ( 2) and Degrees of Applications of Chi-Square Yates of 2 2 in Using the Chi-Square Test106 Questions 10715.

5 Analysis of Variance108 An Illustration of One-Way of ANOVA113 Questions 11316. Non-parametric or Distribution-free Statistical Tests114 of Non-parametric of Non-parametric Non-parametric Illustrations116 Questions 12117. Vital Statistics12 2 of Vital for Collection of Vital Formulae for Calculation of Vital Rates135 Questions 13918. Health Statistics14 0 of the Basic of Health in the Collection of Sickness measurement of Classification of Diseases147 Questions 15219. Standardised Death Rates and Life Tables15 3 or Standardised Life Cox Proportional Hazards Model (Cox Regression)165 Questions 165 CONTENTSvii20.

6 Demography166 and and Sex Other and Estimation172 Questions 17521. INTRODUCTION to RESEARCH Methods176 Literature Framework or of Objectives and RESEARCH under of Data Methods of Dealing with Data Constraints187 Questions 18822. Interventional Studies189 General Principles of Experimental Determination of Sample measurement Studies200 Questions 20023. Sample Size Determination201 Specifications Needed to Calculate Sample Examples of Sample Size Useful Hints207 Questions 207viiiCONTENTS24. Observational of Bias in Observational for Advantages and Disadvantages of the Prospectiveand Retrospective Confidence Intervals (CI) of Odds Ratio (OR) of Potential Comments218 Questions 21825.

7 Data Processing21 9 Computer a Computer of Computer in Data Further Uses of A Note of Clues for using SPSS and Excel224 Questions 22426. Presentation of Data22 5 of a by Graphs and and Attribute of Time Diagrams for Clinical Research237 Questions 240 Appendices24 1 253 Bibliography25 5 262 Answers to Selected Questions263 264 Index26 5 268It is indeed my pleasure and privilege to write the Foreword for INTRODUCTION toBiostatistics and RESEARCH Sundar Rao joined Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, when theMadras University introduced the study of BIOSTATISTICS as a part of the syllabus ofPreventive and Social Medicine in 1957 for the students in all medicalcolleges of the University.

8 During that time I was the Medical Superintendent of theCMC Hospital, and later from 1961 to 1970, I served as the Principal of the College andHead of the Department of Neurological Sciences. I had the privilege to work closelywith Dr. Sundar Rao in my RESEARCH studies, and in the RESEARCH Committee. He madea significant contribution to the development and understanding of BIOSTATISTICS . Heand Dr. J. Richard had rendered considerable help and guided in severalepidemiological studies and in the RESEARCH activities in CMC departments. They hadnot only helped CMC, but on a national level, had been conducting SummerCourses advanced studies for teachers and RESEARCH workers.

9 They had also starteda regular ( BIOSTATISTICS ) course for the Madras University in their book contains all the essentials of BIOSTATISTICS , RESEARCH methods,demography and health statistics that lay a good foundation for anyone interestedin these subjects. All the examples are from the health field and are based on realexperience. I am pleased to recommend this book for the medical and health personneland for all those interested in Bhushan Dr. Jacob FRCS (C), FICS, FAMS, FIASCF ormerly, Professor and Head,Department of Neurological Sciences, andPrincipal, Christian Medical College, VelloreForewordixIntroduction To BIOSTATISTICS AndResearch MethodsPublisher : PHI LearningISBN : 9788120345201 Author : P S S Sundar RaoAnd J RichardType the URL : Get this eBook