Introduction to Cellular V2X - Qualcomm

1 2019 Qualcomm Technologies, CONTAIN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 1 Introduction to Cellular V2X80-PE732-62 Rev AIntroduction to Cellular V2 XQualcomm C-V2X is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. All Qualcomm products mentioned herein are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. Other product and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. This technical data may be subject to and international export, re-export, or transfer ( export ) laws.

2 Diversion contrary to and international law is strictly Technologies, Morehouse DriveSan Diego, CA 2019 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. 2019 Qualcomm Technologies, CONTAIN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 2 Introduction to Cellular V2X80-PE732-62 Rev A2 ObjectivesAn Introduction to Cellular -V2X will cover some key topics, spanning the need for connected vehicles, defining what is V2X, and the existing technologies for providing V2X, and focusing more on the challenges that Cellular -V2X addresses with an evolution path to 5G.

3 2019 Qualcomm Technologies, CONTAIN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 3 Introduction to Cellular V2X80-PE732-62 Rev AAccording to the US Department of Transportation, there were circa 6 million police reported crashes in 2017. In some accidents, the driver could be distracted for a few seconds (checking the phone, texting) or it could be over speeding vehicles skipping the traffic light, accidents due to driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and sometimes due to non-conducive road conditions, , icy slippery roads or obstacles on the is a lot of interest in the automotive industry to upgrade cars and heavy vehicles with more advanced safety features.

4 Until now, discreet physical features in the car, such as multiple airbags and strong body/chassis, were touted as features providing the most safety to passengers. The latest trend is to use ubiquitous connectivity around us to provide much advanced warnings to the driver or the car of an impending for Connected VehiclesA safer, more efficient, and more enjoyable driving experience SaferTowards reduced road accidentsGreenerReduce air pollution and emissionsEfficientMore predictable and productive travelIncreasinglyautonomousHighly intelligentHighly secureIncreasinglyelectric (or hybrid)

5 Always connected 2019 Qualcomm Technologies, CONTAIN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 4 Introduction to Cellular V2X80-PE732-62 Rev A4 Topic Map 2019 Qualcomm Technologies, CONTAIN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 5 Introduction to Cellular V2X80-PE732-62 Rev AThe current generation cars have the BSW (Blind Spot Warning) camera as a common feature. Some cars are even offering front and side facing and more expensive, but high performing lidar are also being incorporated to assess the surroundings of the sensors are unable to provide 360 degree vision of the surrounding of the car when there could be impediments, , blind bend corner or buildings or large vehicles blocking the field of such situations, V2X sensor complements these other sensors and provides the see through, 360 degree non line-of-sight vision (well beyond the drivers horizon).

6 5 ADASA dvanced Driver Assistance SystemsBrain of the car to help automate the driving processComplementing other sensor technologiesV2X wireless sensorSee through, 360 non-line of sight sensing, extended range sensing3D HD mapsHD live map update, sub-meter level accuracy of landmarksPrecise positioningGNSS positioning, dead reckoning, VIOR adarBad weather conditions,long range, low light situationsCameraInterprets objects/signs, practical cost and FOVL idarDepth perception, medium rangeUltrasonicLow cost, short rangeADAS: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems 2019 Qualcomm Technologies, CONTAIN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 6 Introduction to Cellular V2X80-PE732-62 Rev A6 Developed for vehicle-vehicle communication Also supports vehicle-infrastructurecommunicationsCapa ble of two-way communications up to 1000mOperates in the 75 MHz band of GHz spectrum Upper layers and security specified by IEEE 1609 familyWi-Fi based technology standard (Phy and MAC)

7 Adapted for latency-critical V2X communications in GHz bandDedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) OverviewSaftey application sublayerApplication layerMessage sublayerTransport Layer(TCP/UDP)Network and transport Layers (WSMP)Network layer (Ipv6)Safety applicationsNonsafety applicaitonsIETF RFC 793/768 IETF RFC 2460 SAE J2735 SAE SublayerMAC Sublayer ExtensionMAC SublayerPHY LayerIEEE StackDSRC or Dedicated short range communication is a type of V2X technology which provides the ability for vehicles to communicate with other vehicles and infrastructure around them, exchanging BSMs (Basic Safety Messages) for collision is based on the IEEE standard and operates in the spectrum.

8 It is composed of multiple stack layers as depicted in the figure stands for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment. It is composed of all upper layers messages sublayer from the SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers) J2735 dictionary and J2945/1 performance requirements. Networking and transport layers are implemented based on IEEE standards, and security services are implemented based on IEEE standards. It is also composed of the MAC sublayer based on IEEE PHY and MAC layer are based on the IEEE standard. 2019 Qualcomm Technologies.

9 CONTAIN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION 7 Introduction to Cellular V2X80-PE732-62 Rev A7 DSRC ChallengesChannel congestion in dense vehicular environments Packet collisions due to CSMA/CA as MAC protocol leading to high latencyLack of handshake/ACK in delivering broadcast framesSelf-interference due to inadequate spectrum mask Adjacent channel leakage in multi-channel operationNo QoS supportLimited network communications No internet connectivityLack of ability to receive broadcast messagesNext generation of DSRC specification, namely just getting started and is at an early stage.

10 Long way until standardizationCSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision AvoidanceDSRC or is based on CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision ChallengesAn IEEE packet starts with a few wideband Pilot symbols and then the data symbol and SIGNAL symbol, which carries the PLCP header. Only four out of the 52 subcarriers are used for Pilots. In other words, for the 10 MHz operation in IEEE , two adjacent subcarriers are MHz IEEE devices first obtain a wideband channel estimate from Pilot symbols, and then monitor the residual channel variation using the Pilot subcarriers.