Introduction to Ethical Studies - Lander University

1 Introduction to EthicalStudiesAn Open Source ReaderLee ArchieJohn G. ArchieIntroduction to Ethical Studies : An Open Source Readerby Lee Archieby John G. ArchieVersion EditionPublished August, 2003 Copyright 2003 by Lee Archie; John G. ArchieGDFLThe current version, Version , of this open source textbook in philosophy is awork-in-progress and is being released in draft form. The collaborators would be grateful forcorrections or other suggestions to this preliminary draft. Please address comments is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of theGNU Free Documentation License, Version or any later version published by the FreeSoftware Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-CoverTexts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free DocumentationLicense. Image CreditsAmerican Sociological Association (http:// ). Charles A. Rare Book and Manuscript Library( ).

2 University of Pennsylvania. Adaptations:Charles Darwin with Friedrich W ( ), Helsinki, Finland. Edward WestermarckfromThe Edward Westermarck Memorial Project( ). Aristotle; Epictetus; David Hume;Immanuel Kant; Map of the Roman Empire; John Stuart Mill; Nero Persecuting the Christians;Plato; ( ). Balestrini, Bruno. The Erechtheion and Parthenon, ( ), Acropolis; Acropolis (about 500 ) view from northwest. By Edward Westermarck Memorial Lectures 1983-1997. Edward Free Documentation License ( ). GNU , S. History of All Nations, (New York: J. C. Derby & N. C. Miller, 1854), Greek Hydroscience and Engineering: History of Hydraulics Collection( ). University of Iowa. Pascal sTraitez del Equilibre des Liqueurs et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de l Air. (detail).H. D. Francis,In Memorium. Cambridge: private stamp, 1928. John M. 1, Munn & Co., 1903. Detail of Mount ofNewton s Rings for the Post. Bertrand Russell: stamp commemorating 100 years birth-anniversary.

3 Oct. 16, of Congress( ).P&P Online Catalog. Cathedral, Marseilles,France (LC-DIG-ppmsc-05106); Ullswater and Eamont from Pooley Bridge, River District,England; Dartford, Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome & s Factory, London and suburbs, England(LC-DIG-ppmsc-08610); Interior of Bank, Creedmoor, North Carolina (LC-USF34-029264);Fort Defiance, Arizona (PAN US GEOG-Arizona ); Union Terrace, Aberdeen, Scotland(LC_DIG-ppmsc-07514); Marischal College, Aberdeen, Scotland (LC-DIG-ppmsc-07515);Religious sign on highway between Columbus and Augusta, Georgia (LC-USF34- 056459-D);The Quay, Helsinki, Finland (LC-DIG-ppmsc-03807); Trinity College, Cambridge(LC-DIG-ppmsc-08091); Crowds at Squires (PAN SUBJECT Sports no. 16); Socrates standingbefore seated group, engravings by L. P. Boitard (LC-USZ61-1502 and LC-USZ61-1502);Views from Morocco (LC-G396-T-0011, LCG396-T-0011); Trinity College, Cambridge(LC-DIG-ppmsc-08091); The Madeline and Rue Royale, Paris, France(LC-DIG-ppmsc-05184); Albert Camus (LC-USZ62-108028); Hollis Hall, Harvard College(HABS,MASS,9-CAMB,3D-); The Cemetary, Algiers, Algeria (LC-DIG-ppmsc-0552); A.

4 Eastman (Ohiyesa) (LC-USZ62-102275); Eagle Feather and Baby; Zitkala(Gertrude Bonnin) Dakota Sioux (LC-USZ62-119349); Fasting (LC-USZ62-99611); WinterCamp, Sioux Tepee (LC-USZ62-76221); Crow Dog, Souix Indian (LC-USZ62-102187); Prayerto the Mystery and Invocation (LC-USZ62-69325 and LC-USZ62-51434); Fish and VegetableMarket, K nisberg, East Prussia (LC-DIG-ppmsca-00741); University and Royal Gardens,K nigsberg, East Prussia (LC-DIG-ppmsca-00738); Rauschen, K nigsberg, East Prussia(LC-DIG-ppmsca-00743); The Tivoli Park, Copenhagen, Denmark (LC-DIG-pmsc-05757);Royal Theater, Copenhagen, Denmark (LC-DIG-pmsc-05751); Parthenon- Near View(LC-USZ62-44291); The Acropolis, (Mt. Lycabettus in background) (LC-USZ62-44291); ThePrison of Socrates and Statue of Pan, Theatre Bacchus (LC-USZ62-115215 andLC-USZ62-10897); Parthenon, view from southeast (LC-USZ62-44292); El Socrates, A. Bijur,1859 and The Prison of Socrates, Athens, Greece (LC-USZ62-39939 and LC-USZ62-115215);The Parthenon, west and east sides (LC-USZ62-94169); (Edinburgh Canongate Tolbooth 1591and Melrose Abbey (LC-USZ62-109096, LC-USZ62-109099); holyrood Palace, Edinburgh(LC-DIG-ppmsc-07584); Athens, Greece, 400 BC (LC-H814-2654-002x); Parthenon(LC-USZ262-44291); General View from Mustapha, I, Algiers, Algeria(LC-DIG-ppmsc-00510); The Parthenon, far view, Athens, Greece (LC-USZ262-44291);Athens, Greece, 400 BC, Book illustration by Theodor Horydczak (LC-H814-2654-002x); TheParthenon, far view, Athens, Greece (LC-USZ262-44292); Van der Werf Park, Leyden,Holland (LC-DIG-ppmsc-05827)The Embankment, Rotterdam, Holland(LC-DIG-ppmsc-05842); A Tea Resale Establishment near Lincoln s Inn Fields(LC-USZ62-77448-E); The Royal Gallery, House of Lords, London, England(LC-USZ62-77448); High Street, Oxford, England (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08764).)

5 Houses ofParliment from the River(LC-DIG-ppmsc-08560); The University of Bonn, the Rhine(LC-DIG-ppmsc-00789); The Boat Landing, Lake Chautauqua, New York (Lot 12006);Switchtender on Pennsylvannia Railroad (Library of Congress, LC-USW33-025829-C); ThreePeasants Walking to Market, Hungary (LC-USZ62-113783); Steelworker with Daughter,Ambridge, Pennsylvania (LC-USF34-062196-D); Harvard Gate, Harvard College (Lot 12003);(Harvard Medical College, Boston, Mass. (LC-D4-34452); Scene from "Othello" with PaulRobeson and Margaret Webster (LC-USW33- 054945-C) College of the City of New York(LC-D4-500724).Library of Congress Rare Book & Special Collections Division( ). Persecution of Catholics by Hugenots; Frightful Outratesperpetrated by the Hugenots in France;Massacre Fait a Sens en Bourgogne par la Museum of Art( ). The Death of Socrates (1787),Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748-1825) Catherine Lorillard Wolfe Collection; Wolf Fund,1931 ( ).)

6 Fridtjof Nansen,Farthest North, Harper & Row, 1897. Engraving of Nansen, frontspiece;(detail) photograph ofFram, Nansen s ronautics & Space Administration( ). NSSDC Photo of North America from Apollo 16 (ID AS16-118-18873); Spectrum JPL; Asteriod Ida(ID P-42964).National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Photo Library( ).Tabulae Rudolphinae:quibus astronomicae..byJohannes Kepler, 1571-1630 (NOAA libr0312); Maria Mitchell (ID theb3534); SaxtonSelf-Registering Tide Gague (ID theb116)>National Institute of Mental Health ( ), National Center for HealthStatistics. U. S. Suicide Rates by Age, Gender, and Racial Group, Introduction to Natural Philosophy, Charles Collins, 1844, Equivalent of A. s Stories. Hubbard, 1885, 285. Jonah Preaching to , History of Greece. Boston: Hickling, Swan, and Brown, 1855. The Bema ofthe Pnyx at Athens, xxv; Homer Enshrined, 38; Coin of Athens, 107; The Propyl a of theAcropolis Restored, 255; Erechth eum Restored, from Southwest, 356; Side View of Thes eum, Institution.

7 Bee on Hive (detail)State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Abraham and Isaac. Ferdinand Bol, etching, Press: History of Ideas( ). Alexander Bain;August Comte; John Stuart Mill; Baruch Spinoza; William James; Blaise Pascal; S renKierkegaard; Socrates; David Hume; Relief of for Social Philosophy ( ). Universit di PaviaGalleries. George Edward Moore, Jean-Paul History of Mathematics Archive( ~history/Mathematicians/). University of St. Engels; Museums ( ). The School of Athens, of Well-known Economists( ).The Warren Portrait Collection at Duke University . Jeremy Bentham; August Philosophy; Analytical, Synthetical, and Practical. New York: and Company, 1856. Title Copyright ConsiderationsAll essays and images in this work, with the exceptions mentioned below, are believed to be inthe public domain or are published here under the fair use provision of the US copyright for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing anynecessary permissions ultimately rests with anyone desiring to reuse the item under to GDFL( ).

8 The written permission of the copyright owners and/orother rights holders (such as publicity and/or privacy rights) is required for distribution,reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutoryexemptions. An independent legal assessment has been made after a search for copyright statusof text and images. No representation as to copyright status outside the United States is an error occurs in spite of the good faith efforts, the offending item will be removed uponnotice Copyright Office ( )Circular 22points out, Even ifyou conclude that a work is in the public domain in the United States, this does not necessarilymean that you are free to use it in other countries. Every nation has its own laws governing thelength and scope of copyright protection, and these are applicable to uses of the work withinthat nation s borders. Thus, the expiration or loss of copyright protection in the United Statesmay still leave the work fully protected against unauthorized use in other countries.

9 Table of Contents Preface ..iWhy Open Source?..iA Note about I. The Nature of Ethical Conscience Determines What s Right by Hubbard of Interest fromMoral Reading Selection fromMoral Has Three Function of Function of Function of Worth Conscience Is Learned by Alexander of Interest fromMoral Reading Selection fromMoral [Nature of Conscience]..10[Conscience Formed by Association]..11 Related Worth It Doesn t Pay to Be Religious by G. W. of Interest fromInfidel Reading Selection fromInfidel [Religious Use of Dying Repentance]..19[Psychological Aspect of Dying]..19 Related Worth Ethics Are Culturally Relative by Charles A. of Interest from The Study of Society ..26 The Reading Selection from The Study of Society ..27 The Study of Bearing of the Theory of Worth Ethics Are Relative by Edward of Interest fromEthical Reading Selection fromEthical [Ethics Is Not Normative].

10 39[Moral Principles Are Not Self-Evident]..40[Whether God Is the Source of Right]..43[Moral Subjectivism Is Not Arbitrary]..43[Moral Judgments Are Not Objective]..45 Related Worth The Objectivity of Moral Judgements by G. E. of Interest Reading Selection [Emotivism: Is Ethics Based on Feelings?]..50[Is Ethics Based on What Society Thinks?]..54[Is Ethics Sociologically Based?]..56[Relativism: Is Ethics Based on What People Think?].57 Related Worth II. Free Will and Some Varieites of of Positive Philosophy by August of Interest fromCours de Philosophie Reading Selection fromCours de Philosophie [Fundamental Law of Development]..69[The Theological State]..69[The Metaphysical State]..70[The Positive State]..70 Related Worth Science of Natural Processes by Frederick of Interest fromLudwig Reading Selection fromLudwig [Unification of Science of Natural Processes]..75[Transformation of Energy and Motion].