Introduction to - Gamma Explorer

1 Introduction to nuclear Engineering Third Edition John R. Lamarsh Late Professor with the New York Polytechnic Institute Anthony J. Baratta Pennsylvania State University Prentice Hall ------ Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file. Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton Acquisitions Editor: Laura Curless Editorial Assistant: Erin Katchmar VIce President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W. Riccardi ".ecutive Managing Editor: Vince O'Brien Managing Editor: David A George Production Editor: Leslie Galen Director of Creative Services: Paul Belfanti Creative Director: Carole Anson Art Director: Jayne Conte Art Editor: Adam Velthaus Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Manufacturing manager: T rudy Pisciotti Marketing Manager: Holly Stark Marketing Assistant: Karen Moon Cover image: Courtesy of Framatome Technologies 200 1 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.

2 Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts i r preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3. ISBN 0-201-82498-1. Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall of Canada Inc., Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, , Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro Preface to Third Edition This revision is derived from personal experiences in teaching introductory and advanced level nuclear engineering courses at the undergraduate level.

3 In keeping with the original intent of John Lamarsh, every attempt is made to retain his style and approach to nuclear engineering education. Since the last edition, however, considerable changes have occurred in the industry. The changes include the devel . opment of advanced plant designs, the significant scale-back in plant construction, the extensive use of high speed computers, and the opening of the former Eastern Block countries and of the Soviet Union. From a pedagogical view, the World Wide Web allows access to many resources formerly only available in libraries. Attempts are made to include some of these resources in this edition. In an attempt to update the text to include these technologies and to make the text useful for the study of non-western design reactors, extensive changes are made to Chapter 4, nuclear Reactors and nuclear Power. The chapter is revised to include a discussion of Soviet-design reactors and technology.

4 The use, projection, and cost of nuclear power worldwide is updated to the latest available information. In Chapter 11 , Reactor Licensing and Safety, the Chemobyl accident is dis . cussed along with the latest reactor safety study, NUREG 1150. A section is also included that describes non-power nuclear accidents such as Tokai-Mura. iii iv P reface to Third Editio n The basic material in Chapters 2-7 is updated to include newer references and to reflect the author's experience i n teaching nuclear engineering. Throughout the text, the references are updated were possible to include more recent publications. In many topic areas, references to books that are dated and often out of print had to be retained, since there are no newer ones available. Since these books are usually available in college libraries, they should be available to most readers. Chapter 9 is retained in much its same form but is updated to include a more complete discussion of the SI system of units and of changes i n philosophy that have occurred in radiation protection.

5 Since many of these changes have yet to reach general usage, however, the older discussions are still included. As in the second edition, several errors were corrected and undoubtedly new ones introduced. Gremlins never sleep ! Preface to Second Edition At his untimely death in July 1 98 1 , John R. Lamarsh had almost completed a revi . sion of the first edition of Introduction to nuclear Engineering. The major part of his effort went into considerable expansion of Chapters 4, 9, and 11 and into the addition of numerous examples and problems in many of the chapters. However, the original structure of that edition has been unchanged. Chapter 4, nuclear Reactors and nuclear Power, has been completely restruc . tured and much new material has been added. Detailed descriptions of additional types of reactors are presented. Extensive new sections include discussion of the nuclear fuel cycle , resource utilization, isotope separation, fuel reprocessing, and radioactive waste disposal.

6 In Chapter 9, Radiation Protection, considerable new material has been added on the biological effects of radiation, and there is a new section on the calculation of radiation effect. The section on the sources of radiation, both artificial and nat . ural, has been expanded, and the sections on standards of radiation protection and computation of exposure have been brought up to date. A section on standards for intake of radionuclides has also been added. In Chapter 1 1 , Reactor Licensing, Safety, and the Environment, the sections on dispersion of effluents and radiation doses from nuclear facilities have been con . siderable expanded to cover new concepts and situations. Included in this chapter is v vi Preface to S e c o n d Editio n a discussion of the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island. The structure of this chapter has been kept as it was in the first edition in spite of the earlier suggestion that it be broken up into two chapters treating environmental effects separately from safety and licensing.

7 Several errors that were still present in the last printing of the first edition have been corrected, including those in Example in Appendix V. and in the table of Bessel functions We are indebted to many of John Lamarsh' s friends and colleagues who helped in many ways to see this revision completed. Particularly, we wish to thank Nonnan C. Rasmussen, Raphael Aronson, Marvin M. Miller, and Edward Melko . nian for their assistance in the final stages of this revision. Finally, we are grateful for comments and suggestions received from users of the earlier edition of thi s book. Although all their suggestions could not be incor . porated, the book is greatly improved as a result of their comments. November 1982 Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusetts Preface to First Edition This book offered is derived by the Departmentfrom classroom notes which were prepared for three courses the Polytechnic Institute of ofNewNuclear York.

8 Engineering at New York These are a one-year Universitycourse introductory and in(Chapters nuclear engineering 9 and 10), (Chapters and a 1-8),course one-tenn a one-tenn in courselicensing, reactor in radiation safety,protection and the environment Department's (Chapter 11). These undergraduate courses program and arebeginning to offered tograduate juniors students and seniorswhoinhave the not hadNuclear previousengineering training inisnuclear an engineering. extremely broad field,all and it isofnotthepossible in a book Needlessof finite size tonuclear and reasonable say, theengineers present book depth to cover is largely involved concernedinwith aspects profession. nuclear powerof nuclear plants, since energy. most Nevertheless, are I havenuclear currently attempted in Chapter the application 1 to convey some feeling for the enonnous breadth of In myareexperience, the engineering profession.

9 Professors becomingtheincreasingly courses in atomic and nuclear theoretical. I have foundphysicsit necessary, given by physics there- vii viii P reface to First Editi o n fore, to review Chapters 2 and 3 these are subjects the at some substance of thislength review. forChapter nuclear engineering 4 begins the students. considera . tion of mostofNeutron some of theofdiffusion the practical reactors currentlyaspects in of nuclearorpower, production under and includes a description development. ation is treated in a and way simple moderation by the are handled group together diffusion method,in Chapter which 5. Moder . avoids the usually Fermi tedious age relatively While such difficult computations calculations are of slowing-down essential, in my density judgment, and for a thorough ably not understanding necessary in a of theatfundamentals book this level. of neutron Chapters 6, 7, moderation, and 8 are they aretoprob.

10 Intended give sufficient gineers notbackground specifically in reactor involved design in design methods problems to satisfy and the also needs to of provide nuclear a base en for more Chapters advanced coursesand 9. in nuclear reactor theory and design. 10 deal with the practical aspects of radiation protection. Both chaptersChapter rely heavily on the earlier parts of the book. 11 was originally intended to be two chapters-one on safety and licensing, ever, in and toa second order meet a onpublication all of the environmental deadline, the effects of nuclear discussion of power. How ef . environmental fects had When to the be confined book was tofirst thoseconceived, associatedI had withplanned radioactiveto effluents. utilize only the modern metricto abandon tant system (thethe SIEnglish system).system However,than the been had U. S . expected. Congress has been moretherefore, Especially, reluc.