Introduction to Human Anatomy

1 The Medical Lab Technician572 UNITI ntroduction to Some important Several terms used in Anatomy to Terms to describe movements occuring at various Different anatomical system of Human Objectives Student should be able to know the meaning and historical back ground of Anatomy . Student should be able to know the meanings of different terms and definitions of Anatomy . Student should have an idea of different anatomical systems of Human IntroductionAnatomy is the study of structure of Human body. Study of anatomyhelps in understanding the functions of body. Herophilus (335-280 BC)born inChalcedon in Asia Minor (now Kadik y, Turkey),and later moved to Alexandria Paper - III Anatomy & Physiology573 is called the Farher of Anatomy . Andreas Vesalius, a Flemish physician isreferred to as the Father of modern Human Anatomy .

2 Different aspects includedin Anatomy are Histology, Osteology, Myology, Arthrology and Neurology is study of tissues. Osteology is study of bones. Myology is study ofmuscles. Arthrology is study of Joints. Neurology is study of nerves and Andreas Vesalius, Latinized form of Andries van Wesel ( 1514 1564) Father of modern Human Anatomy Some Important DefinitionsCell: Cell is the tiniest particle of body. It is the basic functional andstructural unit of : Tissue is a group of cells of similarity in structure,function :Organ is a group of different kinds of tissues for performingspecific :System is collection of different organs of body to workcollectively to conduct some kinds of : Respiratory system, Digestive system, : Organism consists of different Several Terms used in Anatomy to indicate Anatomical PositionsSome of the terms are-1.

3 Superior: Nearer to Inferior: Lower or below The Medical Lab Technician574 3. Anterior or ventral : Front4. Posterior or dorsal: Back5. Proximal: Nearer6. Distal: Away7. Superficial : Nearer to the skin Deep: Deeper from skin Medial: Nearer to Lateral: Away from line or sagittal line: It is imaginary plane dividing the body intotwo Anatomical PositionsHorizontal section: It divides body into superior and inferior section: It divides body into right and left section: Itdivides the body into anterior and posterior Terms to describe movements occuring at Various Joints1. Flexion : Flexion is the movement where similar surfaces come nearerto each other reducing the angle between : Bending of fore armnear Extension: It is the movement causing similar surfaces to go apart.

4 It Paper - III Anatomy & Physiology575 is opposite to flexion. ex : Straightening of bent fore Adduction: It is the movement bringing the limb towards mid Abduction: It is the movement taking the limb away from the Rotation: It is the movement around central axis involving Medial rotation : It is rotation towards medial Lateral rotation: Rotation towards lateral direction is called Circumduction: It is the movement involving flexion, abduction,extension and adduction occuring in Different Anatomical Systems of Human BodyDifferent anatomical systems of Human body and their parts in brief are-1. Skeletal systemTotal 206 bones forming the Human skeleton can be divided into-(1) Bones of Axial skeleton (2)Bones of appendicular skeleton(1) Bones of Axial skeleton are divided into- (i) Bones of skull & (ii) Bones of trunk.

5 (i) Bones of skull : a. Bones of cranium b. Bones of face(ii) Bones of trunk:: a. Sternum b. Ribsc. Vertebral column(2) Bones of appendicular skeleton:a. Bones of upper limbs b. Bones of lower limbs2. Muscular systemThe muscular system is the body's largest system, normally comprisingabout 40 percent of body are three types. 1. Skeletal muscles 2. Cardiac muscle muscles3. Respiratory system1. Nose 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea They lead to the lungs. 5. Bronchi 6. Bronchioles 7. Alveolar ducts 8. Alveoli The Medical Lab Technician576 Fig Outer parts of body male & female4. Digestive System and Hepato Biliary SystemVarious parts of the Digestive tract-1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Oesophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine 7.

6 Rectum 8. Anus Accessory organs of the digestive tract -1. Teeth 2. Three pairs of salivary glands 3. Liver and biliary system4. Pancreas5. Cardio vascular SystemCardiovascular system consists of Heart and Vascular system. Thereare two types of blood vessels mainly. They are arteries and Lymphatic SystemLymphatic system is a closed system consisting of 1) Lymphatic capillaries2)Lymphatic vessels 3) Lymph nodes and 4) Lymphducts. Paper - III Anatomy & Physiology5777. Nervous System Nervous SystemPeripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system( CNS) Brain Spinal cordAutonomic nervous system( ANS) Somatic nervous nervous system ( SNS) Para sympathetic nervous system( PSNS).

7 8. Excretory systemExcretory system consists of channels of are-1. Urinary system consisting of - Kidneys( 2), Ureters (2), Urinary bladder& Urethra2. Skin 3. Liver 4. Lungs ( 2) 5. Digestive tract 6. Salivary glands (3 pairs)9. Endocrine SystemEndocrine glands of Human body are- (1) Hypothalamus (2) Pituitary gland (Master gland) (3) Thyroid gland (4) Parathyroid gland (5) Adrenal glands (6) Pancreas (7) Testes (8) Ovaries (9) Placenta (10) Thymus & (11) Pineal body10. Reproductive SystemMale reproductive system:Parts of male reproductive system are- Testes, Epididymis, Vasdeferens, Seminal vesicles, Ejaculatory ducts, Prostate gland, Bulbo urethralglands& reproductive system: The Medical Lab Technician578 From outside inwards it contains the parts as follows : - Vagina - Uterus - Fallopian tubes - OrgansSense organs of Human body are eyes( 2), Ears (2), Nose, Tongue& is the science of study of structure of Human body.

8 It helps inunderstanding the functions of various systems of Human is the science dealing with structure of body. Subject matterof Anatomy includes Histology, Osteology, Myology, Arthrology, Neurology terms describing the Human body are - Median line, medial, lateral su-perior, inferior,anterior, posterior, proximal, distal, superficial, deep etc. Termsdescribing the movements occuring at various joints of body are- Flexion, ex-tension, adduction, abduction, rotation, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circum-duction anatomical systems of Human body are-1. Skeletal system 2. Muscular system3. Respiratory system 4. Digestive System and Hepato Biliary System5. Cardio vascular System 6. Lymphatic System7. Nervous System 8. Excretory system 9. Endocrine System10. Reproductive System 11.

9 Sense OrgansModel QuestionsShort Answer Type Questions1. Define Anatomy and mention various subjects which enrich Write the definitions of a) Histology b) What are a) Myology b) Arthrology c) Neurology ?4. Explain the terms -Median line, medial and Define the terms superior and inferior. Paper - III Anatomy & Physiology579 6. Write the definitions of a) Anterior b) Give the definitions of a) Proximal b) Explain the terms - Superficial and Define the movements a) Flexion b) Write the definitions of Adduction and Explain the terms a) Rotation b) Define the temrs a) Medial rotation b) Lateral Answer Type Questions1. Define Anatomy and write the Introduction of Explain in brief about different anatomical systems of Human body. The Medical Lab Technician580 UNITCell Tissue - Classification in SummaryLearning Objectives Student should know the structure and properties of a cell.

10 Student should know various types of DefinitionCell is the basic structural and functional unit of living matter. It is the smallestunit of life. It is capable of carrying life processes independently. Some organismssuch as bacteria are Structure and Structure of CellThere are two types of cells in body. They are 1) Somatic cells 2) cells are diverse cells which make up somatic structure of body. Paper - III Anatomy & Physiology581 Gonadal cells are gametes which can unite to form new Structure of a CellCells vary in size and shape. Most of the cells contain similar type ofintracellular components. Average size of mammalian cell is 10-2 mm in cell comprises following parts. 1. Cell wall (cell membrane) 2. Protoplasm, consisting of Cytoplasm and NucleusCell WallIt is also called as plamsalemma or plasma membrane or cell membrane.