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IOPPUBLISHING N …

IOP PUBLISHING nanotechnology . nanotechnology 19 (2008) 015103 (15pp) Nanorobot architecture for medical target identi cation Adriano Cavalcanti1,2 , Bijan Shirinzadeh2, Robert A Freitas Jr3 and Tad Hogg4. 1. CAN Center for Automation in Nanobiotech, Melbourne VIC 3168, Australia 2. Robotics and Mechatronics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia 3. Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Pilot Hill, CA 95664, USA. 4. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

Nanotechnology 19(2008)015103 ACavalcantietal Such tools have significantly helped the semiconductor in-dustry to achieve faster VLSI (very large scale integration)

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1 IOP PUBLISHING nanotechnology . nanotechnology 19 (2008) 015103 (15pp) Nanorobot architecture for medical target identi cation Adriano Cavalcanti1,2 , Bijan Shirinzadeh2, Robert A Freitas Jr3 and Tad Hogg4. 1. CAN Center for Automation in Nanobiotech, Melbourne VIC 3168, Australia 2. Robotics and Mechatronics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia 3. Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Pilot Hill, CA 95664, USA. 4. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

2 E-mail: Received 30 March 2007, in nal form 17 October 2007. Published 29 November 2007. Online at Abstract This work has an innovative approach for the development of nanorobots with sensors for medicine. The nanorobots operate in a virtual environment comparing random, thermal and chemical control techniques. The nanorobot architecture model has nanobioelectronics as the basis for manufacturing integrated system devices with embedded nanobiosensors and actuators, which facilitates its application for medical target identi cation and drug delivery.

3 The nanorobot interaction with the described workspace shows how time actuation is improved based on sensor capabilities. Therefore, our work addresses the control and the architecture design for developing practical molecular machines. Advances in nanotechnology are enabling manufacturing nanosensors and actuators through nanobioelectronics and biologically inspired devices. Analysis of integrated system modeling is one important aspect for supporting nanotechnology in the fast development towards one of the most challenging new elds of science: molecular machines.

4 The use of 3D simulation can provide interactive tools for addressing nanorobot choices on sensing, hardware architecture design, manufacturing approaches, and control methodology investigation. (Some gures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version). 1. Introduction advances on health care sector [18 23]. Through the use of nanotechnology techniques [24], advances on genetics This paper presents the architecture and the simulation and biomolecular computing [25], biological nanorobots can of nanorobots using sensor capability for medical target be applied to advance medicine [26].

5 For example, in identi cation. Nanorobots are expected to enable signi cant microbiology engineering the construction of digital circuits new methodologies in diagnosis, medical therapies, and in living cells has been demonstrated [27]. Bacteria have minimally invasive surgery [1 4]. In our work we demonstrate been used as physical system components [28], and radio a computational and analytical new approach to help in the remote control of biological processes has been demonstrated research and development of nanorobots [5, 6]. experimentally [29].

6 Some proposals on rigid materials A rst series of nanotechnology prototypes for molecular with positional mechanosynthesis [30, 31], and manufacturing machines are being investigated in different ways [2, 7 12], nanodevices were presented [7, 13, 32]. Recent developments and some interesting device propulsion and sensing approaches in biomolecular computing have demonstrated the feasibility have been presented [13 16]. Some work has been done in of biocomputers [33], a promising rst step toward future 2D on cellular automata with the examination of collective nanoprocessors.

7 Other examples include studies of building behaviors of large numbers of robots to locate speci c types of biosensors and nanokinetic devices [7, 8, 13, 19, 34]. tissue [17]. More complex molecular machines, or nanorobots, Real time three-dimensional (3D) prototyping and sim- having embedded nanoscopic features may provide broad ulation are important tools for nanotechnology development. 0957-4484/08/015103+15$ 1 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK. nanotechnology 19 (2008) 015103 A Cavalcanti et al Such tools have signi cantly helped the semiconductor in- 3.

8 Medical nanorobotics dustry to achieve faster VLSI (very large scale integration). development [35]. It should similarly have a direct impact The feasibility of advancing techniques for control [5] and on the implementation of nanomanufacturing techniques and manufacturing molecular machines should be understood also on nanoelectronics progress [36]. Simulation can antic- as emergent results from actual and upcoming stages of ipate performance and help in new device design and manu- nanotechnology , based on nanoelectronics [8, 52], new facturing [37, 38], nanomechatronics control design and hard- materials [53 55] and genomics research [56].

9 New ware implementation [8, 39]. The use of scienti c visualiza- possibilities are coming from these developments which will tion is a powerful tool for the purpose of designing devices enable new medical procedures [1, 18, 21, 26, 53, 57]. at nanoscale [40]. In our work, the focus of interaction and The nanorobot proposed prototyping must be equipped sensing with nanorobots is addressed giving details on the with the necessary devices for monitoring the most important workspace chemical and thermal signals dispersion through a aspects of its operational workspace.

10 For biomedical 3D environment as a testbed for prototyping and analysis. The application the temperature, concentration of chemicals in nanorobots must search proteins in a dynamic virtual environ- the blood, and electromagnetic signatures are some of the ment and use different strategies to identify and bring those relevant parameters when monitoring the human body to detect proteins for medical delivery. some diseases [58, 59]. The application of new materials has demonstrated a large range of possibilities for use in 2. Motivation manufacturing better sensors and actuators with nanoscale sizes [14, 35].