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1 407.. entitlement .. I .. 5 . 1996 1996 8 2002 9 . 1 TANF . USDHHS 2004 I- Table A, B .. TANF Temporary Assistance for Needy 18 . Families . TANF . SSI Supplemental Security Income . Food . Stamps . Medicaid . 2 .. General Assistance . AFDC . Aid to Families with Dependent Children . TANF .. 1997 2002 . c1998 1999 2000 2000 . 2002 2003 2003 2004 . 2004 . TANF 46 . 2003 . TANF . 30 6 .. 20 2 .. TANF 60 . 5 .. TANF . 408 Vol. 42 No. 4. TANF . 14 5 IV . V . 7 . 2. 1 II . 13 . 2005 TANF .. TANF . TANF . 18 15 . TANF . 2004 . TANF 60 . 1 . 3 1 . 1 9 9 9 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 6 . TANF TANF . TANF 1999 . 10 2002 14 .. TANF .. TANF EITC TANF.. 1994 3 . TANF 4 3 . USDHHS 2003 .. TANF .. TANF .. II 1 sanctions . TANF 1996 1998 . III TANF 2003 1 . Spring '07 409. 2002 1999 Medicaid Food TANF 203 Stamps Energy Assistance.

2 3 Public Housing Child Care Subsidy .. TANF 17 TANF . TANF . TANF TANF . TANF .. TANF . 3 . TANF . AFDC . 3 1981 1996 77 86 . USDHHS 2004 Table 10:48 . 2002 TANF 48 . USDHHS 2005 .. 3 .. 3 TANF Karoly et al. 2001 Schmidt & Sevak 2004 .. TANF . University Consortium on SSI . Welfare Reform 2002 SSI AFDC. 20 Schmidt & Sevak 4 1 2004 TANF . SSI . Wiseman 2000 . SSI .. SSI . 2 . TANF TANF SSI .. TANF AFDC TANF . 5 .. 1 . AFDC . TANF AFDC Medicaid Food Stamps . TANF . diversion TANF . Greenstein &. Guyer 2001 TANF . 410 Vol. 42 No. 4. Medicaid Food Stamps USDHHS 2004 . Table 12:10 5 . TANF . Swartz 2001 TANF . 2003 AFDC TANF . 8 . TANF . USDHHS 2004 Table 12:10 child-only SSI cases . TANF TANF .. SSI . TANF . III .. TANF 1996 . 2002 . USDHHS 2004 I-Figure E.

3 Making work pay .. 20 . TANF exemption .. TANF DV .. SPDP 2001 Bloom et al. 2002 1 109 30 . 5 TANF 35 . Stopped Clock . TANF . University Consortium on Welfare Reform 2002 . TANF 2004 2 86 .. 54 5 extension .. 41 5 8 . 5 . Spring '07 411. TANF . Good-Faith Effort Bloom et al. 2002 . 2002 TANF 50 90 .. 21 . TANF 2002 TANF .. TANF 4 .. 2 USDHHS 2004 Table 3:1:a . TANF 30 . TANF . work activities .. 44 . 34 . DV . OJT . 24 . 12 SPDP 2001 TANF .. 2002 TANF . 206 102 .. USDHHS 2004 Table 3:3:a . 51 OJT TANF. 1999 10 . 45 . 2 4 . 15 6 50 nomi- nal standard TANF . SPDP 2001 51 34 2 2002 . 4 effective standard . 4 13 . 90 . 2002 . USDHHS 2004 III-Figure B TANF . TANF TANF .. Greenberg . et al. 2000 5 .. 3 . TANF . TANF AFDC . 1997 1999 . 2000 2001 . 2002.

4 USDHHS 2004 III-Figure A c 1998 . 412 Vol. 42 No. 4. 2000 2000 2002 1995 80 . 7 AFDC 2002 6 TANF 2002 1990 . AFDC . 51 4 TANF MOE . 19 USD- . HHS 2004 Table 12:2 1990 . AFDC TANF . 1996 7 AFDC 1997 10 . TANF 8 . 2 3 TANF. Gallagher et al. 1998 Table .. TANF TANF .. USDHHS 2004 GAO 25 . Table 12:6 TANF . 46 . TANF . USDHHS 2004 Table 12:5 .. USGAO 2002 . TANF $1,000 TANF . TANF200 . $446 .. $330 6 AFDC 200 2005 3 . 32,180 . NYSDL 2000 TANF . TANF . TANF .. 4 TANF . 5 TANF . TANF .. 1992 1994 1994 . 1995 .. TANF . TANF . M O E . Maintenance of Effort Child Care and Development Block 1994 AFDC Grant . Spring '07 413. TANF . 2003 CEA 2001 . EITC Earned AFDC Income Tax Credit . Medicaid TANF . TANF . EITC . Medicaid .. 1997 EITC . Children's Health Insurance Program.

5 Medicaid 1996 1997 . EITC 1994 . CEA 2001 . 1997 . Welfare to Work Grants . TANF . 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 . Myles & Pierson 1997 . 2003 . 2003 Nightingale & Brennan EITC .. 1998 . 2005 . TANF EITC . TANF 11,750 . TANF 399 1 . 31,030 . 2,662 2 . 35,263 . 6 4,400 . IRS 2006a . 1 2005. 18,000 Ms. Anderson 110 40 .. EITC . 10,712 . Edin & Lein 1997 3 Ms. Lewis . AFDC . AFDC 4,290 1,287 EITC . Food Stamps Mr. Smith . EITC . 2 . 2 . 414 Vol. 42 No. 4. 1 2005 .. 2 3 . 2005 18,000 10,712 4,900. 110 0 0. NY 0 0 0. EITC 3,630 4,290 377. NY EITC 999 1,287 113. 22,519 16,289 5,390. The New York State Community Action Association (2006) Helping Hands Tool-Kit : A. Professional's Guide to Assistance Programs, TAX PROGRAMS, Earned Income Tax Credit ( ).. 2 1986 1998.

6 1998 .. 1986 1998 1986 1998 . 0 0 10,000 10,000. 0 0 879 765. AFDC/TANF Food Stamps 8,804 7,717 2,602 2,602. 0 0 2,000 2,000. EITC 0 0 777 3,756. 0 0 164 1,000. 8,804 7,717 10,664 14,593. Ellwood, D. T.(2000) The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements.. National Tax Journal, , , Part 2, . 1986 1998 . AFDC/TANF .. Food Stamps . 8,804 2005 EITC 2190 . 7,717 12 397 . EITC 1890 86 .. 10,664 14,593 37 346 87 .. 1986 IRS 2006b 2002 TANF . 10,664 21 . 8,804 500 TANF . 1998 14,593 94 . 7,717 . 89 USDHHS 2004 I-Table B II-table A . EITC .. EITC . Spring '07 415. TANF . TANF .. IV .. TANF .. 7 TANF.. 2 .. 2002 2004 . 2005 . 4 3 2 1. 5 .. 2003 .. AFDC . 80 .. 4. 3 3 1 . 2006 . 2005 . Orloff 2001.

7 2002 . 2005b . 4 2003 . 416 Vol. 42 No. 4. 2006 TANF .. T A N F .. TANF . 2006 .. TANF .. 2006 .. 1997 .. 11 51 EITC. 2002.. TANF .. EITC .. TANF . TANF SSI TANF .. TANF . +Medicaid Food Stamps TANF . +EITC . Spring '07 417. TANF . V . 2 .. 1996 . TANF . 3 TANF . Child Support Enforcement Program . 18 .. TANF 4 21 .. 2 1 . TANF . 2002 . 5 .. TANF .. Wiseman 2000 . TANF 6 $90 . 51 $1000 $90 . $910 $910 51 $464 $1000 ($90 . $464) $446 . 67 $1000 . 67 $670 $1000 $670 $330 .. 7 .. 18 3 . 18 9 . 1999 Wiseman 2000 Mink 2002 .. 14 15 1998 . 14730033 . 1 .. 1999 : . 3 1 . 2 . 2002 .. 1 2003 .. TANF . 418 Vol. 42 No. 4. 2005a . 2002 EITC 13 . 2005b . 140 . 2004 . 147 2005 . 2005 . 13 . Beverly, S. G.(2002) What Social Workers Need to 2003 96 Know about the Earned Income Tax Credit.

8 635 Social Work, , B. 1997 AFDC TANF Bloom,D, Farrell,M., Fink,B. with Adams- Ciardullo,D. (2002) Welfare Time Limits : State 34 Policies, Implementation, and Effects on Families, 2000 Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. 69 2 3 ( ). 2006 18 Council of Economic Advisers(CEA)(2001) The Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers(2001), U. S. Government Printing Office. ( 2000 fy02/ ). 7 Edin, K., and Lein,L.(1997) Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage B. 2003 Work, Russell Sage Foundation. Ezawa,A. and Fujiwara,C.(2005) Lone Mothers and Welfare-to-Work Policies in Japan and the United States , Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 1999 , AFDC TANF Gallagher, , Gallagher, M., Perese, K., Schreiber, 40 S.

9 And Watson, K. 1998 One Year after Federal 2003 Welfare Reform: A Description of State Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 2004 (TANF) Decisions as of October 1997, The Urban Institute. 25 ( - ). 2003 Greenberg, M., Strawn, J. and Plimpton, L.(2000). 2002 State Opportunities to Provide Access to Postsecondary Education Under TANF, Center c 1998 for Low and Social Policy. ( ). 2002 1996 Greenstein, R. and Guyer, J.(2001) Supporting Work through Medicaid and Food Stamps. in and (eds.), The New World of 2004 Welfare, The Brookings Institution. Internal Revenue Service(IRS), of the Treasury (2006a) EITC Thresholds and Tax 2002 Law Updates 1990 ( ,,id=150. 43 1 513, ). 2003 (2006b) Internal Revenue Service 44 Data Book 2005 Spring '07 419. Project.

10 Karoly, , Klerman, , and Rogowski, ( ). (2001) Effects of the 1996 Welfare Reform Swartz, R. (2001) What is a Case in Post-Reform Changes on the SSI Program, in and Wisconsin? : Reconciling Caseload with (eds.), The New World of Welfare, The Workload, Hudson Institute, Welfare Policy Brookings Institution. Center. Mink, G.(2002) Welfare's End (Revised Edition), ( Cornell University Press. pdf). Myles, J. and Pierson, P.(1997) Friedman's U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Revenge: The Reform of Liberal' Welfare States in (USDHHS), Administration for Children and Canada and the United States, Politics and Families 2003 TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR. Society, , NEEDY FAMILIES (TANF) Fifth Annual Report New York State Department of Labor(NYSDL) to Congress.