Jet Fuel Characteristics - SmartCockpit

1 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsPerformance Engineer OperationsFlight Operations EngineeringDave LawickiPerformance Engineer OperationsFlight Operations EngineeringDave LawickiMay 2002 May 2002W004a 2 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsWhy this Subject?Why this Subject? Provide a brief introduction to aviation fuel definitions and Characteristics Familiarize you with terminology and industry jargon Address operational concerns related to fuel Inform you of research work and possible future fuels Exchange some insight into the Energy of Flight Provide a brief introduction to aviation fuel definitions and Characteristics Familiarize you with terminology and industry jargon Address operational concerns related to fuel Inform you of research work and possible future fuels Exchange some insight into the Energy of FlightW004a 3 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsTopicsTopics Oil Distillation Types of aviation

2 fuel Specifications Composition of fuel fuel Properties Non-Normal Situations Alternative Fuels Oil Distillation Types of aviation fuel Specifications Composition of fuel fuel Properties Non-Normal Situations Alternative FuelsW004a 4 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsDistillation of Crude OilDistillation of Crude OilDiesel fuelDiesel fuelCokeCokeSulfurSulfurBunker oilBunker oilLPGLPGJet fuel (about 5 gallons)Jet fuel (about 5 gallons)Co-generationCo-generationGasoli neGasoline1 Barrel of Crude = 42 gallons1 Barrel of Crude = 42 gallonsW004a 5 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsTypes of aviation FuelTypes of aviation fuel aviation Gasoline - AvGas turbine Fuels aviation Gasoline - AvGas turbine FuelsW004a 6 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsAviation Gasoline (AvGas) aviation Gasoline (AvGas)

3 Reciprocating Engines Only Rated by Octane - 80/87, 100/130, 115/145 - Red, Blue, Purple Commercial Specification -ASTM D 910 Reciprocating Engines Only Rated by Octane - 80/87, 100/130, 115/145 - Red, Blue, Purple Commercial Specification -ASTM D 910W004a 7 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsTurbine FuelsTurbine Fuels Jet A Kerosene Type ,freeze point -40 C ( domestic only) Jet A-1 Kerosene Type , freeze point -47 C Jet B Wide Cut , freezepoint -50 C Jet A Kerosene Type ,freeze point -40 C ( domestic only) Jet A-1 Kerosene Type , freeze point -47 C Jet B Wide Cut , freezepoint -50 C Commercial Grades Commercial Grades W004a 8 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel Characteristics JP-4 Wide Cut , similar to Jet B JP-5 Higher flash point for carrier operations JP-7 Thermally Stable for SR-71 higher temperatures JP-8 Kerosene Type , similar to Jet A-1 JP-9 Missile fuel (higher energy per unit volume)

4 JP-4 Wide Cut , similar to Jet B JP-5 Higher flash point for carrier operations JP-7 Thermally Stable for SR-71 higher temperatures JP-8 Kerosene Type , similar to Jet A-1 JP-9 Missile fuel (higher energy per unit volume) Military Grades ( ) Military Grades ( ) W004a 9 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsCommercial turbine FuelCommercial turbine fuel Industry/Government specifications American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Industry/Government specifications American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)ASTM D1655 Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet BASTM D1655 Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet BSpecificationsSpecificationsW004a 10 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsCommercial turbine FuelCommercial turbine FuelSpecificationsSpecificationsW004a 11 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsCommercial turbine FuelCommercial turbine fuel International Air Transport Association (IATA guidance material) IATA ADD76-1 Kerosene Types and Wide Cut aviation fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems (AFQRJOS) Check List , Jet A-1, Jet B ( ) International Air Transport Association (IATA guidance material)

5 IATA ADD76-1 Kerosene Types and Wide Cut aviation fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems (AFQRJOS) Check List , Jet A-1, Jet B ( )Specifications (cont.)Specifications (cont.)W004a 12 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel Characteristics British - (AVTUR) Canadian - CAN/CGSB French - AIR 3405/C Russian - GOST 10227-86 T-1, TS-1(TS-1 freeze point -50 to -60 C) Romanian - 3754/73, CS-3, STAS 5639 British - (AVTUR) Canadian - CAN/CGSB French - AIR 3405/C Russian - GOST 10227-86 T-1, TS-1(TS-1 freeze point -50 to -60 C) Romanian - 3754/73, CS-3, STAS 5639 Kerosene Types Kerosene Types Jet A-1 SpecificationsJet A-1 SpecificationsW004a 13 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel Characteristics Wide Cut Wide Cut British - (AVTUR)

6 Canadian - CAN/CGSB French - AIR 3407/B Russian - GOST 10227-86, T-2 German - TL 9130-006 Issue 6 British - (AVTUR) Canadian - CAN/CGSB French - AIR 3407/B Russian - GOST 10227-86, T-2 German - TL 9130-006 Issue 6 Jet B SpecificationsJet B SpecificationsW004a 14 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsEngine ManufacturesEngine Manufactures General Electric - SpecificationNo. D50TF2 Pratt & Whitney - Service BulletinNo. 2016 Rolls-Royce - Appendix 2 to Engine Operating Manual FAA/JAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual General Electric - SpecificationNo. D50TF2 Pratt & Whitney - Service BulletinNo. 2016 Rolls-Royce - Appendix 2 to Engine Operating Manual FAA/JAA Approved Airplane Flight ManualSpecificationsSpecificationsW004a 15 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsAirplane Flight ManualAirplane Flight ManualW004a 16 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsAirplane Flight ManualAirplane Flight ManualW004a 17 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsAirplane Flight ManualAirplane Flight ManualW004a 18 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsAirplane Flight ManualAirplane Flight ManualW004a 19 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsTurbine fuel CompositionTurbine fuel CompositionFour groups of Hydrocarbons

7 In Jet fuel :Four groups of Hydrocarbons in Jet fuel :HHHHHHHHHHHHHHCCCCCCCCCCHHHHHHHHHH Paraffins, Isoparaffins, Cycloparaffins Paraffins, Isoparaffins, Cycloparaffins Aromatics Aromatics Naphthalenes Naphthalenes Olefins OlefinsW004a 20 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsOther fuel ConstituentsOther fuel Constituents Sulfur - corrosion and emissions Gums - filter clogging andsticky valves Water - corrosion and filter clogging Naphthenic Acid - corrosion Sulfur - corrosion and emissions Gums - filter clogging andsticky valves Water - corrosion and filter clogging Naphthenic Acid - corrosionW004a 21 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsFuel AdditivesFuel Additives Approved Additives only Antioxidents Metal Deactivators fuel System Icing Inhibitors Corrosion Inhibitors Static

8 Dissipators Approved Additives only Antioxidents Metal Deactivators fuel System Icing Inhibitors Corrosion Inhibitors Static DissipatorsW004a 22 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsTurbine fuel PropertiesTurbine fuel Properties Density (Specific Gravity SG) Lower Heating Value (LHV) Viscosity Lubricity Low Temperature Volatility Electrical Bulk modulus Thermal Oxidation Stability Material Compatibility Toxicity Density (Specific Gravity SG) Lower Heating Value (LHV) Viscosity Lubricity Low Temperature Volatility Electrical Bulk modulus Thermal Oxidation Stability Material Compatibility ToxicityFuel PropertiesFuel PropertiesW004a 23 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsDensity, Specific GravityDensity, Specific Gravity Density = Mass/Volume Specific Gravity (SG) also known as Relative Density Typical Jet A, Jet A-1: SG = Typical Jet B: SG = Varies with temperature API = ( ) - SG measured with hydrometer perASTM D1298 Airplane Densitometers Density = Mass/Volume Specific Gravity (SG) also known as Relative Density Typical Jet A, Jet A-1: SG = Typical Jet B.

9 SG = Varies with temperature API = ( ) - SG measured with hydrometer perASTM D1298 Airplane DensitometersFuel PropertiesFuel PropertiesW004a 24 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsLower Heating Value (LHV)Lower Heating Value (LHV) LHV = Net Heat of Combustion (BTU/lb) Jet A: 18,484 - 18,645 (ave. 18564) Density relationship to LHV Performance analysis based on18,580 BTU/lb Boeing Airplane Performance Monitoring program (APM) input LHV = Net Heat of Combustion (BTU/lb) Jet A: 18,484 - 18,645 (ave. 18564) Density relationship to LHV Performance analysis based on18,580 BTU/lb Boeing Airplane Performance Monitoring program (APM) inputFuel PropertiesFuel PropertiesW004a 25 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsAPM Program DocumentationAPM Program DocumentationFuel PropertiesFuel PropertiesW004a 26 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsFuel Lower Heating Value EstimationFuel Lower Heating Value EstimationFuel PropertiesFuel PropertiesW004a 27 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsViscosityViscosity fuel line pressure drop and pumping capabilities Low temperatures increase viscosity Measuring units are Centistokes (mm /sec) fuel line pressure drop and pumping capabilities Low temperatures increase viscosity Measuring units are Centistokes (mm /sec)

10 fuel PropertiesFuel PropertiesW004a 28 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsFuel LubricityFuel Lubricity Controls, valves, bearing, pumps Low viscosity preventshydrodynamic film Absorbs into surface - Boundarylayer lubricants Refining removes lubricants (thermally stable fuels, SR-71) Corrosion inhibitors augment Lubricity Controls, valves, bearing, pumps Low viscosity preventshydrodynamic film Absorbs into surface - Boundarylayer lubricants Refining removes lubricants (thermally stable fuels, SR-71) Corrosion inhibitors augment LubricityFuel PropertiesFuel PropertiesW004a 29 Jet fuel CharacteristicsJet fuel CharacteristicsLow Temperature PropertiesLow Temperature Properties Freeze Point (wax crystals disappear) Pour Point