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John F. Kennedy – Leadership Qualities That Moved A Nation ...

john F. Kennedy . Leadership Qualities That Moved A Nation by Christian Hald-Mortensen BA in Political Science, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, 2003. Master in Public Administration, GSPIA, 2007. Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh In partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Administration'. University of Pittsburgh 2007. 1. UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. This thesis was presented by Christian Hald-Mortensen It was defended on March 20, 2007. and approved by Donald Goldstein, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Leon Haley, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Kevin P. Kearns, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Thesis Advisor: Donald Goldstein, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs 2.

A President will be effective if he has a compelling vision of the future of America The MA thesis tested whether ‘The New Frontier’ was a successful vision from which visionary initiatives were derived. The Moon Project was the most ambitious national scientific project in two decades, propelling the U.S. forward in the space race.

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Transcription of John F. Kennedy – Leadership Qualities That Moved A Nation ...

1 john F. Kennedy . Leadership Qualities That Moved A Nation by Christian Hald-Mortensen BA in Political Science, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, 2003. Master in Public Administration, GSPIA, 2007. Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh In partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Administration'. University of Pittsburgh 2007. 1. UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. This thesis was presented by Christian Hald-Mortensen It was defended on March 20, 2007. and approved by Donald Goldstein, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Leon Haley, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Kevin P. Kearns, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Thesis Advisor: Donald Goldstein, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs 2.

2 Copyright by Christian Hald-Mortensen 2007. 3. john F. Kennedy Leadership Qualities . THAT Moved A Nation . Christian Hald-Mortensen, University of Pittsburgh, 2007. Leadership studies ask what makes an effective leader?'. The research question in this thesis is: How can the three factors - vision, decision-making style, and delegation - explain whether john F. Kennedy was an effective President? . While there are many other Leadership factors such as integrity, political/legislative skills and communications skills three factors were chosen. The research methodology was a single case study of the Kennedy Presidency. The Vision Hypothesis A President will be effective if he has a compelling vision of the future of America The MA thesis tested whether The New Frontier' was a successful vision from which visionary initiatives were derived. The Moon Project was the most ambitious national scientific project in two decades, propelling the forward in the space race. JFK's ideas on peaceful cooperation with the Soviets were a consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

3 The vision was enunciated with his Test Ban Treaty' speech at American University, in which he pledged for a pause in the Cold War. The Decision Making Style Hypothesis A President will be effective if he has a competent personal decision making style The thesis tested whether President JFK had an effective personal decision making style. JFK. often took issues out of the bureaucratic system in time to defend his own right to decide and his own right of innovation. JFK's collegial decision making model was a consensus-seeking vehicle which ensured that problems were debated through cross-fertilization. 4. The Delegation Hypothesis: A President will be effective if he delegates with an eye to his political control JFK knew what he was looking for in every position. Secretary of State Dean Rusk was probably chosen because JFK had conceived a greater role for himself. Scholarly work has demonstrated that JFK was very engaged in foreign affairs. Secretary of Defense Robert S.

4 McNamara was chosen as a rational, intelligent civilian that could provide political control over the military establishment. Speech Writer Ted Sorensen knew JFK's ideas, and they cooperated closely on the speeches of the Administration. JFK's selection of advisors reflected the strengths and weaknesses of his own policy experience. 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 12. 15. DEFINITIONS OF Leadership .. 16. CONTEMPORARY THEORY THE TRANSFORMING LEADER .. 16. THE STATESMAN VS. THE POLITICIAN A FOCUS ON THE LONG- TERM INTERESTS OF THE 17. THE PRESIDENT MUST BE AS BIG A MAN AS HE 18. RESEARCH QUESTION .. 18. PRESENTING THE Leadership TRAITS: VISION, DECISION- MAKING STYLE, 19. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY THE CASE STUDY APPROACH .. 20. Case Studies Aim at Causality .. 21. SECOND CHAPTER: BIOGRAPHY OF PRESIDENT john F. Kennedy . 23. BECOMING A POLITICIAN, WHY ENGLAND SLEPT' .. 24. CONGRESS, SENATE, PROFILES IN COURAGE .. 24. PRESIDENT Kennedy .. 25. JFK ENJOYED THE PRESIDENTIAL Leadership EXPERIENCE.

5 26. 6. WHAT WAS HIS PRESIDENTIAL PURPOSE? .. 28. JFK DIED TOO YOUNG, SO HOW CAN WE ASSESS HIS. PERFORMANCE?.. 28. THIRD CHAPTER: VISION .. 29. VISION 29. PRESIDENT JFK'S VISION: THE NEW FRONTIER (1960) .. 31. JFK'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS PRESENTED THE VISION OF THE. PRESIDENCY TO THE UNITED STATES AND TO THE WORLD (1961).. 33. THE IDEALIST VISION IN PRACTICE: THE PEACE CORPS (1961).. 35. THE VISION OF SPACE: AMERICA UNRIVALED' - THE MOON. PROJECT (1961).. 35. PRESIDENT Kennedy 'S VISION OF PEACE THE NUCLEAR TEST. BAN TREATY (1963) .. 37. Understanding the 38. The Vision of Peace Demanded a Tailored Speechwriting Process .. 39. The Statesman vs. The 40. EVALUATING PRESIDENT Kennedy 'S 41. FOURTH CHAPTER: THE PRESIDENT'S DECISION MAKING 42. DEVELOPING THE DECISION MAKING STYLE 42. Scholarly work on Presidential decision making .. 43. Alexander George & Thomas Preston: Each President has his own style .. 44. Personality plays a role in the President's decision making style.

6 45. 7. ANALYSIS OF JFK'S DECISION MAKING STYLE .. 46. JFK's Collegial Decision Making Model'.. 46. The Transition from Eisenhower's Commando System to JFK's Informal White House (1960-61) .. 47. After the Bay of Pigs Fiasco: Putting Kennedy Men in Strategic Spots (1961) .. 49. The Collegial Model in the Cuban Missile Crisis (1963) .. 49. EVALUATING PRESIDENT Kennedy 'S DECISION MAKING STYLE.. 51. FIFTH CHAPTER: DELEGATION .. 53. THEORY ON PRESIDENTIAL ADVISORS .. 53. JFK'S PERSONNEL POLICY: GET THE BEST AND THE. BRIGHTEST & THE ACTION INTELLECTUALS .. 55. DELEGATION IN FOREIGN POLICY - CHOOSING SECRETARY OF. STATE, DEAN 56. When choosing Rusk - JFK sought control .. 57. CHOOSING SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, ROBERT S. 59. A CHIEF SPEECHWRITER WITH FULL ACCESS: TED SORENSEN . 60. BOBBY Kennedy PARTNER IN POLITICAL 63. BALANCING ADVICE BY USE OF EXTERNAL ADVISERS: THE. BRITISH AMBASSADOR, DAVID ORMSBY 64. EVALUATING THE Leadership FACTOR DELEGATION IN THE. JFK 65. 8. SIXTH CHAPTER: SUMMARY OF HYPOTHESIS TESTS.

7 67. EVALUATING Kennedy 'S VISION .. 67. EVALUATING PRESIDENT Kennedy 'S DECISION MAKING STYLE.. 68. EVALUATING DELEGATION IN THE JFK 69. COULD OTHER FACTORS HAVE LED TO DIFFERENT. CONCLUSIONS ON PRESIDENTIAL Leadership ?.. 70. Integrity .. 70. Communication 70. Political 71. SEVENTH CHAPTER: 72. VISION, DECISION-MAKING STYLE AND DELEGATION HOW. RELEVANT ARE THEY TO PRESIDENTIAL EFFECTIVENESS? .. 72. IMPROVING THE THESIS 73. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS REMAIN .. 74. COMPARISON BETWEEN PRESIDENT JFK AND PRESIDENT G. W. BUSH .. 74. 74. The President's Decision-Making Style .. 75. Delegation .. 76. TODAY'S FRONTIERS .. 76. APPENDIX A: THE PRESIDENCY IN 1960 .. 78. APPENDIX B: JFK DEMOCRATIC PARTY NOMINATION SPEECH .. 83. 9. APPENDIX C: john F. Kennedy : INAUGURAL ADDRESS .. 89. APPENDIX D: PRESIDENT john F. Kennedy 'S STATEMENT ON. ESTABLISHING THE PEACE CORPS .. 93. APPENDIX E: PRESIDENT john F. Kennedy 'S SPEECH TO A SPECIAL. SESSION OF CONGRESS ON SENDING A MAN TO THE MOON'.

8 95. APPENDIX F: john F. Kennedy MOON SPEECH - RICE STADIUM .. 105. APPENDIX G: PRESIDENT john F. Kennedy 'S STRATEGY OF PEACE. SPEECH' .. 110. APPENDIX H: PRESIDENT john F. Kennedy 'S ICH BIN EIN BERLINER. SPEECH' .. 116. APPENDIX I: PRESIDENT john F. Kennedy 'S ADRESS BEFORE THE 18TH. GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS .. 118. BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 125. 10. LIST OF FIGURES. Figure 1: President john F. Kennedy 's speech on the Moon Project at Rice Stadium (Rice University), September 12, 1962, Texas .. 14. Figure 2: JFK at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles (1960).. 31. Figure 3: Becoming the first Nation to plant its flag on the Moon was essential to the competitive JFK.. 37. Figure 4: President john F. Kennedy 's American University Commencement Address, June 10, 1963, announcing the Nuclear Test Ban 38. Figure 5: JFK's Collegial Decision Making Model according to Alexander George .. 47. Figure 6: President Eisenhower meets newly sworn in President Kennedy at the White 48.

9 Figure 7: The Executive Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis .. 50. Figure 8: President Kennedy with his advisors: Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Attorney General Bobby 55. Figure 9: President Kennedy with Secretary of State, Dean 57. Figure 10: President john F. Kennedy and Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara .. 59. Figure 11: Chief Speechwriter Ted Sorensen and President john F. 62. Figure 12: Attorney General, Robert F. Kennedy .. 63. 11. PREFACE. The MA thesis was intended as a comparative Leadership analysis of President Kennedy , President Reagan and President G. W. Bush. As the research process on the Kennedy Presidency began, it became difficult to research into more than one Presidency given the time constraints and if the analysis had to be reasonably thorough. Furthermore, the historical events in the Kennedy Presidency itself - the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the launch of the Moon Project are already substantive case studies in political science, ensuring a broad and in-depth analysis of Presidential Leadership at work.

10 The thesis originally had a chapter on the President's control of the bureaucracy, focusing on the theoretical school of Bureaucratic Politics in Foreign Policy' started by Graham Allison: how bureaucracies form policy different from the policymakers. In the delegation chapter in the thesis some of the thoughts of political control of the Bureaucracy chapter remain. The American Presidency literature is vast it covers the new policies initiated in that period, the time Presidents govern in and the legislative and mobilizing powers they use. From the American Presidency literature, the work of Presidential Greatness' by Landis and Milkis and the seminal work by Richard Neustadt; Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan' were chosen. An extensive literature exists on the Kennedy Presidency itself, the eyewitness accounts such as Ted Sorensen's Kennedy ' and Arthur Schlesinger Jr.'s A Thousand Days'. A range of new books are published every year and historian Robert Dallek's Let Every Nation Know', Richard Reeves' President Kennedy ', James N.


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