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1 21 .. 2011 .. Fluconazole FLCZ. Fosfluconazole F-FLCZ. Itraconazole ITCZ. Voriconazole VRCZ. Miconazole MCZ.. Micafingin MCFG. Caspofungin CPFG.. B Amphotericin B AMPH-B. B Liposomal amphotericin B L-AMB. Nystatin NYS.. Flucytosine 5-FC.. 1 . A .. , . B . , , .. C .. B . B .. I.. Candida .. II.. Candida . Candida 1923 .. C. tropicalis 365 .. 3-6 m .. yeast .. Saccharomyces cerevisiae .. III.. 10 . 150 .. Opisthokonta .. Pneumocystis jirovecii . Aspergillus fumigatus .. Cryptococcus neoformans . Trichosporon asahii . IV.. V.. 37 .. VI . 40 . VI .. VI.. Candida .. 18 . International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ICN . 2 . Candida .. Candida . Candida .. Candida .. VII.. VIII.. 1976, . Lachance M-A, Boekhout T, Scorzetti G, Fell, JW, Kurtzman CP. Candida Berkhout. In: Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T eds. The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study. 5th ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 987-1278, 2011.

2 Kirk PM, Ccannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA eds. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary th of Fungi. 10 ed. CABI Europe, UK, 2008. Watson et al. (eds.) (1995) Global biodiversity assessment-summary for policy-makers. Cambridge University Press Adl SM, Simpson AB, SINA Farmer M, et al. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 52(5), 2005 pp. 399 451. IN 2010 .. Timothy Y. James(2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene 443: 818-822. Hibbett DS, et al. A higher level classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research 111: 509-547, 2007. Cooper CR. Yeasts Pathogenic to Humans. In: Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T eds. The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study. 5th ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 9-19, 2011. Meyer SA, Payne RW, Yarrow D. Candida Berkhout. In: Kurtzman CP, Fell JW eds. The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study. 4th ed.

3 Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 454-573, 1998. Munoz P, Bouza E, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fungemia: An Emerging Infectious Disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 40:1625 34. 18 2012 9. 9 .. Pneumocystis jirovecii . Taphrinomycotina . Candida albicans . Saccharomycotina Ascomycota Aspergillus fumigatus, . Trichophyton rubrum, . Pezizomycotina Exophiala dermatitidis . Rhodotorula rubra . Pucciniomycotina .. Kingdom Malassezia restricta . Ustilaginomycotina of Fungi Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans, . Trichosporon asahii, Agaricomycotina . Schizophyllum commune . Encephalitozoon cuniculi Microsporidia . Mucor circinelloides, Mucoromucotina Rhizopus oryzae . Fungi Conidiobolus coronatus, incertae sedis Entomophthoromycotina Basidiobolus microsporus .. Candida .. C. albicans . C. albicans . C. dubliniensis .. C. glabrata . C. glabrata . C. nivariensis .. C. glabrata . C. bracarensis.

4 Pichia C. guilliermondii Meyerozyma guilliermondii guilliermondii . C. guilliermondii var. Pichia ohmerii . Kodamaea ohmeri menbranifaciens . Issatschenkia C. krusei Pichia kudriavzevii orientalis . C. lusitaniae Clavispora lusitaniae C. parapsilosis . C. parapsilosis . C. matapsilosis .. C. parapsilosis . C. orthopsilosis .. C. tropicalis . Pichia (Hansenula) anomala C. pelliculosa Wickerhamomyces anomalus .. Candida albicans .. FP ' .. DP '. ASTY . Etest . 4 . FP ' DP ' CLSI . M27-A3 . ASTY CLSI . M27-A MCFG VRCZ . M27-A3 .. Etest M27-A . AMPH-B MIC .. CLSI M27-S3 MIC . 1 2 . HIV .. CT .. (1 3)- -D- .. (1 3)- -D- 3 .. 2 1 . C. tropicalis C. glabrata .. 1. Interpretive guidelines for in vitro susceptibility testing of Candida spp. S-DD : susceptible dose dependent CLSI M27-S3. 2 Antifungal activities of antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Candida species No. of Antifungal MIC g/mL.

5 Organisms isolates agents Range MIC50 MIC90. Candida albicans 50 Fluconazole 1 FLCZ-susceptible Itraconazole isolated in 2005 Voriconazole Miconazole Micafungin Caspofungin Amphotericin B 2 1. Candida albicans 50 Fluconazole 4 0. 5 1. FLCZ-susceptible Itraconazole in 2006 Voriconazole Miconazole Micafungin Caspofungin Amphotericin B 1 Candida albicans 30 Fluconazole > 64 > 64 > 64. FLCZ-resistant Itraconazole > 16 > 16 > 16. Voriconazole 16 > 16 > 16 > 16. Miconazole 8 1 2. Micafungin Caspofungin Amphotericin B 1 1. Candida glabrata 50 Fluconazole 2 8 4 4. Itraconazole 1 Voriconazole Miconazole Micafungin Caspofungin 1 Amphotericin B 1 Candida 50 Fluconazole 2 1. parapsilosis Itraconazole Voriconazole Miconazole 1 1. Micafungin 2 1 2. Caspofungin 2 1 2. Amphotericin B 2 1. No. of Antifungal MIC g/mL . Organisms isolates agents Range MIC50 MIC90. Candida tropicalis 50 Fluconazole 4 2. Itraconazole Voriconazole Miconazole 1 Micafungin Caspofungin Amphotericin B 1 1.

6 Candida krusei 50 Fluconazole 4 64 16 32. Itraconazole 1 Voriconazole Miconazole 4 1 2. Micafungin Caspofungin 1 1 2. Amphotericin B 2 1 2. Candida 50 Fluconazole 1 8 2 4. gulliermondii Itraconazole 1 1. Voriconazole Miconazole 2 1 2. Micafungin 2 Caspofungin 4 1 2. Amphotericin B Other Candida 30 Fluconazole 8 1 8. species Itraconazole 1 Voriconazole Miconazole 4 2. Micafungin Caspofungin 2 1 1. Amphotericin B 2 CLSI M27-A .. FLCZ .. ITCZ VRCZ L-AMB .. (500/ L ) 4-7 .. (1 3)- -D- .. C. glabrata . C. krusei C. parapsilosis .. B .. 5-FC 1 . B . B .. FLCZ VRCZ 5-FC . B .. PK-PD 5-FC T>MIC . B Cmax/MIC . AUC/MIC .. 2 3 . 6 6 .. step-down FLCZ ITCZ VRCZ . 1.. ICU.. C. glabrata .. -D- .. C. albicans C. glabrata C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei . C. guilliermondii C. famata . 1 .. A- .. C- . A- . C- B- .. B . C- C. parapsilosis L-AMB . B- .. (F-)FLCZ . A- . C. albicans C. tropicalis (F-)FLCZ A.

7 C. parapsilosis (F-)FLCZ B- C. krusei C. glabrata . FLCZ . B- . (F-)FLCZ . B- .. B C. albicans C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis FLCZ . FLCZ step-down . : A- , B : A- .. C. krusei C. guilliermondii VRCZ . B- .. 2 A- .. F-FLCZ 2 loading dose 800 mg ( 12 mg/kg) 1 1 . 3 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 A- . FLCZ loading dose 800 mg ( 12 mg/kg) 1 1 . 2 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 A- . FLCZ 400 mg/ . 5~7 F-FLCZ FLCZ FLCZ. 400mg 1 1 A- .. MCFG 100 mg 1 1 A- . CPFG loading dose 70 mg 1 1 . 2 50 mg 1 1 A- .. L-AMB ~ mg/kg 1 1 . A-I (F-)FLCZ 5~6 B- . AMPH-B ~ mg/kg 1 1 . B-I (F-)FLCZ 5~6 mg/kg/ B- . VRCZ loading dose 6 mg/kg 1 2 12 . 2 3~4 mg/kg 1 2 12 A- . 3 1 200mg 1 2 . A- . ITCZ 2 loading dose 200 mg 1 2 . 3 200 mg 1 1 B- . 14 200 mg 1 2 . 20 mL 1 1 A- . step-down . A- .. Candida albicans .. F-FLCZ 2 loading dose 800 mg ( 12 mg/kg) 1 1 . 3 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 A- . FLCZ loading dose 800 mg ( 12 mg/kg) 1 1 . 2 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 A.

8 FLCZ 400 mg/ . 5~7 F-FLCZ FLCZ FLCZ. 400mg 1 1 A- .. MCFG 100 mg 1 1 A- . CPFG loading dose 70 mg 1 1 . 2 50 mg 1 1 A- .. L-AMB mg/kg 1 1 A- . AMPH-B ~ mg/kg 1 1 B- .. VRCZ loading dose 6 mg/kg 1 2 12 . 2 3~4 mg/kg 1 2 12 B- . 3 1 200mg 1 2 . A- . ITCZ 2 loading dose 200 mg 1 2 . 3 200 mg 1 1 B- . 14 200 mg 1 2 . 20 mL 1 1 A- . B . (F-)FLCZ : A- , B . : A- . Candida glabrata . MCFG 100 mg 1 1 B- . CPFG loading dose 70 mg 1 1 . 2 50 mg 1 1 B- .. L-AMB ~ mg/kg 1 1 B- . AMPH-B ~ mg/kg 1 1 C- . VRCZ step-down . VRCZ 400 mg 1 2 . 2 200 mg 1 2 B- . 40 kg . C. glabrata . B- . B- . Candida parapsilosis . F-FLCZ 2 loading dose 800 mg ( 12 mg/kg) 1 1 . 3 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 B- . FLCZ loading dose 800 mg 12 mg/kg 1 1 . 2 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 B- . FLCZ 400 mg/ . 5~7 F-FLCZ FLCZ FLCZ. 400mg 1 1 A- .. L-AMB mg/kg 1 1 B- . AMPH-B ~ mg/kg 1 1 C- . MCFG 100~150 mg 1 1 C- . CPFG loading dose 70 mg 1 1 . 2 50 mg 1 1 C.

9 70~150 mg 1 1 C- . CPFG 70 mg/ , 2 50 mg/ . VRCZ loading dose 6 mg/kg 1 2 12 . 2 3~4 mg/kg 1 2 12 C- . 3 1 200mg 1 2 . A- . ITCZ 2 loading dose 200 mg 1 2 . 3 200 mg 1 1 C- . 14 200 mg 1 2 . 20 mL 1 1 A- . (F-)FLCZ . A- . B- . Candida tropicalis .. F-FLCZ 2 loading dose 800 mg 12 mg/kg 1 1 . 3 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 A- . FLCZ loading dose 800 mg 12 mg/kg 1 1 . 2 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 A- . FLCZ 400 mg/ . 5~7 F-FLCZ FLCZ FLCZ. 400mg 1 1 A- .. MCFG 100 mg 1 1 B- . CPFG loading dose 70 mg 1 1 . 2 50 mg 1 1 B- .. L-AMB mg/kg 1 1 B- . AMPH-B ~ mg/kg 1 1 C- .. VRCZ loading dose 6 mg/kg 1 2 12 . 2 3~4 mg/kg 1 2 12 B- . 3 1 200mg 1 2 . A- . ITCZ 2 loading dose 200 mg 1 2 . 3 200 mg 1 1 C- . 14 200 mg 1 2 . 20 mL 1 1 A- . B . (F-)FLCZ : A- , B . : A- . Candida krusei . MCFG 100 mg 1 1 B- . CPFG loading dose 70 mg 1 1 . 2 50 mg 1 1 B- .. VRCZ loading dose 6 mg/kg 1 2 12 . 2 3~4 mg/kg 1 2 12 B- . step-down 400 mg 1 2 2.

10 200 mg 1 2 B- 40 kg . L-AMB ~ mg/kg 1 1 C- . AMPH-B ~ mg/kg 1 1 C- . VRCZ step-down B- . Candida lusitaniae .. F-FLCZ 2 loading dose 800 mg 12 mg/kg 1 1 . 3 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 B- . FLCZ loading dose 800 mg 12 mg/kg 1 1 . 2 400 mg 6 mg/kg 1 1 B- . FLCZ 400 mg/ . 5~7 F-FLCZ FLCZ FLCZ. 400mg 1 1 A- .. MCFG 100 mg 1 1 B- . CPFG loading dose 70 mg 1 1 . 2 50 mg 1 1 B- .. VRCZ loading dose 6 mg/kg 1 2 12 . 2 3~4 mg/kg 1 2 12 C- . 3 1 200mg 1 2 . A- . ITCZ 2 loading dose 200 mg 1 2 . 3 200 mg 1 1 C- . 14 200 mg 1 2 . 20 mL 1 1 A- . (F-)FLCZ . A- . Candida guilliermondii . L-AMB ~ mg/kg 1 1 B- . VRCZ loading dose 6 mg/kg 1 2 12 . 2 3~4 mg/kg 1 2 12 B- . 3 1 200mg 1 2 . A- .. AMPH-B ~ mg/kg 1 1 C- . (F-)FLCZ ITCZ . C- . C. dubliniensis, C. famata, C. lipolytica, C. kefyr, C. haemulonii, C. pelliculosa, C. sake, C. utilis, C. inconspicua, C. rugosa, C. palmioleophila, C. stellatoidea, C. norvegensis.