KEYSTONE DESIGN MANUAL Unit Design Keywall Appedix ...

1 & Keywall PRO OPERATING GUIDE KEYSTONE DESIGN MANUALUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUNITSGEOGRIDDESIGNTHEORYKeyWa ll PROThe information presented in this MANUAL , including technical and engineering data, figures, tables, drawings, and procedures, is provided for general information only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without independent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability. Anyone using this material assumes any and all liability resulting from such use. KEYSTONE Retaining Wall Systems disclaims any and all express or implied warranties of merchantability fitness for any general or particular purpose or freedom from infringement of any patent, trademark, or copyright in regard to the information or products contained or referred to herein. Nothing herein contained shall be construed as granting a license, express or implied, under any patents.

2 KEYSTONE is a registered trademark of KEYSTONE Retaining Wall Systems LLC. KEYSTONE Retaining Wall Systems are covered by one or more Patents. Copyright 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2011, 2020 by KEYSTONE Retaining Wall Systems LLC. Printed in the United Keywall PRO OPERATING GUIDE KEYSTONE DESIGN MANUAL & Keywall PRO OPERATING GUIDE KEYSTONE DESIGN MANUALK eystone Retaining Wall UnitsGeosynthetic Soil ReinforcementRetaining Wall DESIGN TheoryThe DESIGN Process Keywall PRO Operating InstructionsAppendices 2020 KEYSTONE Retaining Wall Systems LLCO riginal March 2001 Revised August 2001 Reprinted July 2006 Revised & Reprinted February 2011 Revised & Reprinted May 2020 UnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign

3 TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIiINTRODUCTIONT able of ContentsPART ONE KEYSTONE Retaining Wall UnitsKeystone Retaining Wall Units .. Materials .. Pinned UnitsKeystone Standard Unit .. Compac Unit .. Lip/Lug UnitsRegal Stone Pro .. Shear Resistance .. Shear Resistance .. Shear Resistance .. Data & Analysis .. Shear Resistance Between Units .. TWO Geosynthetic Soil ReinforcementGeosynthetic Soil Reinforcement .. Strength .. Factors .. Strength .. Soil Interaction Coefficient .. Manufacturers Data .. THREE Retaining Wall DESIGN Theory Retaining Wall DESIGN Theory .. Technical Definitions .. Earth Pressure Theories .. Earth Pressure Theory .. Earth Pressure Equation .. Failure Plane Location .. Earth Pressure Theory .. Earth Pressure Equations .. Failure Plane Location .. Wedge Analysis .. Capacity .. Bearing Pressure .. Bearing Capacity .. Capacity Factors .. Stability.

4 Compound Stability .. Analysis ..ivDesign MANUAL & Keywall PRO Operating Guide ..vGeotechnical Responsibility ..viReferences ..viiTABLE OF CONTENTSUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIDESIGN MANUAL & Keywall P RO OPERATING GUIDEiiTABLE OF CONTENTSPART FOUR The DESIGN Process Introduction .. Methodology .. Batter .. Geometry .. Embedment .. Toe .. Properties .. Concrete Backfill .. Type & Properties .. Reinforcement Length .. Stability Analysis .. Wall DESIGN Options .. lrfd .. Analysis .. - NCMA - Sliding .. - aashto - Sliding .. Analysis .. - NCMA Overturning .. - aashto Overturning .. Capacity .. Bearing Capacity .. Stability .. Capacity .. Level Calculation .. Internal Tension.

5 Capacity .. Capacity .. of Facing .. FIVE Keywall PRO Operating Instructions Installation & User s Guide .. PRO Installation .. the Keywall PRO Program .. PRO Windows Interface .. TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIiiiINTRODUCTIONT able of ContentsPART FIVE Keywall PRO Operating Instructions (continued)Project Screen .. Criteria Tab .. Unit Tab .. Tab .. Conditions Tab .. Events Tab .. Tab .. Tab .. Conditions Tab .. Tab (Full Wall DESIGN ).. Tab (Wall Section Analysis) .. Compound Stability Tab .. Results .. to AutoCad .. or Updating Data Files .. SIX Appendices ExamplesAppendix A: Infinite Slope Surcharge NCMA 3rd Edition - Coulomb Methodology .. B: NCMA 3rd Edition - Coulomb Methodology Level Surcharge - 250 psf .. C: Rankine Methodology Level Surcharge - 250 psf.

6 D: 3H:1V Sloping Surcharge aashto lrfd Methodology .. E: aashto lrfd Methodology Level Surcharge - 250 psf .. OF CONTENTSUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIUnitDesign TheoryDesignProcessKeywallOperatinginstr uctionsAppedixAAppedixBAppedixDAppedixCG eogridABCDIH orizon Six Detention BasinMohave County, ArizonaKeystone Compac - Tri-plane64,000 square feetDESIGN MANUAL & Keywall P RO OPERATING GUIDEINTRODUCTIONThe KEYSTONE retaining wall system was created to provide an economical, easy-to-install, aesthetically appealing, and structurally sound system as an alternate to boulder, timber tie, concrete panel, or cast-in-place retaining walls. The KEYSTONE system was initially conceived as a gravity wall system that could be constructed to heights of up to feet (2 m). The original KEYSTONE Standard unit was 2 feet (600 mm) from face to tail, providing weight and stability to resist the applied earth pressures.

7 Later, the KEYSTONE Compac unit was introduced, a smaller 1-foot (300 mm) deep unit. The units have the stability of a large mass, but are easier to handle, lighter to place, and quicker to install than boulders, crib structures or thin-shelled panel structures. Both units were designed with a structural pin connection and granular interlock, eliminating the need for grouting or mortar. Because of their structural strength with the fiberglass pins and granular drainage fill, the interlocked assembly is more stable than most other with the development of the KEYSTONE system, geosynthetic soil reinforcement was gaining approval and acceptance as a viable soil reinforcement material. The combination of geogrids and KEYSTONE units provided an integrated wall system that could be constructed to heights far exceeding the limits of simple gravity walls. Since 1986, millions of square feet of KEYSTONE retaining walls have been successfully constructed, both as gravity and reinforced systems.

8 Applications vary from residential landscaping walls to structural highway walls, some exceeding 50 feet (15 m) in 2017, KEYSTONE introduced lip/lug structural units to compliment the current KEYSTONE unit offering. The units include the rear lipped Regal Stone Pro unit and the Broadstone and Valera units which have lug connections. These units are similar in size to KEYSTONE Compac units and also accommodate geosynthetic soil Station, Dallas, Texas; Regal Stone Pro - StraightivvDESIGN MANUAL & Keywall PRO OPERATING GUIDEThis MANUAL concisely describes the retaining wall DESIGN components and related DESIGN theory based on accepted engineering principals and concepts discussed in the National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) DESIGN MANUAL for Segmental Retaining Walls, Third Edition [Bernardi, et. al, 2009], The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( aashto ), aashto lrfd Bridge DESIGN Specifications, and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) DESIGN guidelines.

9 Extensions, additions, or deviations from these methodologies are noted and is important for the designer to understand that there are other DESIGN methodologies in use in the United States and around the world which will provide different results due to the simplifying DESIGN assumptions and methods of calculation utilized. Some use a Coulomb earth pressure analysis like NCMA, others use a Rankine earth pressure analysis. The 7th edition of the aashto lrfd Bridge DESIGN Specifications published in 2014 recommends a simplified method of DESIGN using a load and resistance factor DESIGN ( lrfd ) format. FHWA mandated all retaining walls be designed using lrfd after October 1, 2010. Prior to 2002, an Allowable Stress DESIGN (ASD) approach was is our opinion that the NCMA DESIGN MANUAL represents a comprehensive approach to segmental retaining wall (SRW) DESIGN but tends to conflict in principal with existing methodologies such as those originally developed by the geogrid manufacturers and those contained in aashto DESIGN guidelines.

10 The NCMA DESIGN MANUAL recognizes the many technical nuances of segmental retaining wall DESIGN and provides needed criteria for proper engineering and DESIGN evaluation of modular systems. The more conservative aashto DESIGN standards remain the published standard for the transportation sector and cover many of the major structures constructed to , KEYSTONE 's previous software last updated in 2012, allowed users to DESIGN multiple wall sections using different DESIGN methodologies. All pertinent data and DESIGN criteria were pre-programmed so the designer could focus on the wall geometry, loading conditions, and constructability. The program was easy to understand and the results easy to new KeyWallPRO program has been developed to be more useful to the designer and still simple to use. The designer can choose to DESIGN multiple wall sections by choosing "New Wall Section Analysis," similar to the previously offered Keywall program or they can choose to DESIGN the entire wall by choosing "New Full Wall DESIGN .