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1 155 CHAPTER 14 TURMERIC 1. Introduction Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is native to Asia and India. The tuberous rhizomes or underground stems of turmeric have been used from antiquity as condiments, a dye and as an aromatic stimulant in several medicines. Turmeric is very important spice in India, which produces nearly entire whole world s crop and consumes 80% of it. India is by far the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world. Turmeric occupies about 6% of the total area under spices and condiments in India. World scenario Turmeric is also cultivated in China, Myanmar, Nigeria and Bangladesh. However, authentic figures about area and production are not available. Major area is in India which constitutes 82% followed by China (8%), Myanmar (4%), Nigeria (3%) and Bangladesh (3%) Indian scenario There is an increase from thousand ha in 2001-02 thousand ha in 2005-06.

2 Similarly, the production has increased from thousand tons in 2001-02 to thousand tons in details are given in table Table : Area, production and productivity of turmeric in India Source: 2. Major producing states with production of last three years The main turmeric producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Gujarat and Kerala. Maximum area under turmeric cultivation is in Andhra Pradesh ( thousand ha), where production is very high thousand tons. Then comes Tamil Nadu (area thousand ha and production is thousand tons), followed by Orissa and West Bengal (area is thousand ha and thousand ha respectively whereas production is 57 YEAR AREA ( 000 ha) PRODUCTION (000 tons) PRODUCTIVITY (tons/ha))

3 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 156thousand tons. and 25 thousand tons. respectively) Productivity of turmeric like ginger is highest in Gujarat. The details are given below in the table Table : Area, production and productivity of leading turmeric growing states in India AREA (000 ha) PRODUCTION (000 tons) PRODUCTIVITY (tons/ha)

4 STATE 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Orissa West Bengal Karnataka Gujarat Kerala Sikkim Others Total Source: 3.

5 Commercially grown varieties There are about 30 turmeric varieties grown in India. Among them Alleppey and Madras (Perianadan) are of great commercial importance. Some of the improved varieties are: CO-11983, BSR-11986, Krishna, Roma, Suroma, Ranga, Rasmi, Megha Turmeric-1, Suguna, Sudarshana, Suranjana, Duggirala, Kodur, Suvarna, Varna, IISR Prabha, IISR Pratibha, Rajendra Sonia etc. Description of some of the varieties is given below: Table : Some of the commercial and improved varieties Variety Characteristics Alleppey Highly coloured is grown in Kerala and is marketed as Alleppey turmeric. Duggirala A long duration type (9 months), major variety of Andhra Pradesh. Rhizomes are bright yellow in mostly in Guntur district. Yield of raw material 25 Armoor Mostly grown in Nizamabad district of Andhra Pradesh.

6 Medium duration type. Yield of raw material 25-30 tons/ha. Suvarna This is a high yielding type released by IISR, Calicut. It has yield potential of 43 has also high curcumin content of 1574. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Use of improved cultivars namely, Suvarna, Suguna, Sudharshana, Prabha and Pratibha. For control of shoot borer namely, application of insecticides and biopesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis product) need to be used. Proper technologies for the storage of seed rhizomes, seed treatment with fungicides and insecticides and use of leaf mulches should be adopted. 5. Harvesting season of crop Fig. - 34 *The above graph showing harvest pattern in leading turmeric growing states. Source: 6. Arrival pattern Turmeric is available in the markets almost throughout the year. 7.

7 (a) Concentrated pockets The details of concentrated pockets of turmeric in different states are given below in table Table : Showing concentrated pockets of turmeric in India. State Districts Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah, Adilabad, Medak, Nizamabad, Guntur Gujarat Kheda, Anand, Sabarkantha Kerala Wayanad, Palakkadu, Idukki, Kollam,Kozhikode Tamil Nadu Karur,Villupuram,Coimbatore,Salem,Dharma puri,Krishnagri,Erode Orissa Gajapati,Kalahandi,Keonjhar,Koraput,Bela sore,Mayurbhanj, Phulbani,Nayagarh,Cuttack. 7. (b) Catchment areas of market Table : Showing the details of catchment areas of market of turmeric in leading states States Districts Blocks Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah Jammalamdugu, Proddatur, Muddanaru, Kamalapuram, Lakkireddipalle, Rajampet, Rayachoti, Koduru.

8 STATES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Orissa West Bengal Karnataka Gujarat 158 States Districts Blocks Adilabad Boath, Mudhol, Nirmal, Utnur, Sirpur, Chinnur, Lakshettipet, if b dMedak, Dubak,Mirdoddi,Siddipet,Sadaseopet,Zanir abad,Sangareddi,Narsapur,Nizamabad Madnur,Bodhan,Banola,Banswada,Kamareddi, Yellareddi, dGuntur Piduguralla, Prattipadu, Ponnuru, Pallapatla, Repalle, Manglagiri, Puru, Vinukonda, Durgi. Kheda, Kapadwanj, Balasinor, Tharsa, Madhudha, Mehmedabad, Matar. Anand Sojitra,Umrath,Khambhat,Borsad,Sarsa,Tar apur,Undel,Vadtl Gujarat Sabarkantha Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar, Vadali, Idar, Bhiloda, Himatnagar, Prantij, Meghraj, Malpur, Bayad, Dhansura.

9 Wayanad Thavinhal,Valatl,Hatika,Puthady,Kalpetta ,Chegual,Thariode, Vallarimela,Koltappadi,Vayittri. Palakkad Tudikki,Mukkali,Korgad,Pallavur,Chittadi ,Mudarachal, Parambikolam, Elattodu, Kollangod, Naitala, Chittur Idukki Painavu,Nadunkandam,Devikulam,Todupulai, Piramad. Kollam Tekku,Todi,Karupra,Veliyam,Kanur,Anchal, Pallinam, liikKerala Kozhikode Chekkiad,Valayam,Mariyur,Kottur,Pudipadd i,Vavad, Kuruvattur, Mavur, Olavanna. Karur Paramatti,Muntipalavau,Thantoni,Mayanur, Panjapatti, Kadavur, Kulittatai, Kadavur, Kulittatai, Krishnarayapuram Villupuram Avalurpettai,Gingee,Sankarapuram,Kallakk urichchi, Ulundurpettai, Tirukkovilur, Vlundurpetti, Vanum,Vallam Coimbatore Muttuppalaiyam,Avinashi,Tiruppur,Pallada m,Udumallaippettai,PollachiliSalem Mettur, Yercaud, Idappadi, Omalpur, Attur, Gangavalli, Sankagiri Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri Pennagaram, Harur, Pappireedipatti, Palakkodu, Pochampalli Kalahandi Dharamgarh, Bhawanipatna, Lanjigarh, Jayapatna Koraput Kotapad,Boriguma,Jaypur,Machhakund,Nanda pur,Singpuru,Bagra, Rayisingi,Jalaput,Gupteshwar.

10 Orissa Mayurbhanj Hemagiri, Banel, Panposh, Raj Gangpur, 1598. Criteria and description of grades a) AGMARK standards for rhizomes Table : AGMARK standards for turmeric rhizomes a Grade Flexibility Broken pieces, fingers<15 mm Foreign matter Defectives Percentage of bulbs by weight, max. No more than (% by weight)No more than (% by weight) No more than (% by weight) Alleppey fingers b Good Hard to touch 5 1 3 4 Fair Hard 7 5 5 Fingers, other than Alleppey b Special Hard to touch, metallic twang on break 2 1 2 Good Same 3 1 3 Fair Hard 5 2 5 Rajapore fingers c Special Hard to touch.