Lecture Notes - Chemistry 1110 Dr. Luther Giddings

1 Lecture Notes - Chemistry 1110Dr. Luther GiddingsLast Updated: August 21, 2017 Table of ContentsChapter 1: Matter and is Chemistry ?..1 Why is Chemistry relevant?..2 What is matter? ..3 How is matter classified?..4 What kinds of properties does matter have?..6An introduction to the natural states of the elements ..9 The Periodic Table ..11 Chemistry is an empirical science ..13 Scientific notation and powers of and significant and measured and analysis and problem or inorganic - a 2: Atoms and the Periodic structure of the and , neutrons, and and octet rule ..35 Fundamentals of electrons in states and excited configurations: full configurations and the periodic table ..42 Electron configurations: Noble Gas configurations: electron spin diagrams (arrow diagrams).

2 53 Inner shell, outer shell, and valence electron configurations of properties and periodic 3: Ionic bonds and chemical electron dot structures (Lewis structures) for compound nomenclature: naming ionic compounds: cation compounds: monatomic and polyatomic anion digression: old ionic compound nomenclature names and molecular formulas of ionic compounds: going from names to molecular compounds: going from molecular formulas to nomenclature of binary molecular nomenclature of acids and nomenclature problems - some troubleshooting 4: Molecular bonds and molecular bonds and the Periodic covalent covalent formulas and structural Lewis structures of ionic Lewis structures of covalent to the octet rule.

3 113 The shapes of molecules and VSEPR - Valence Shell Electron-Pair Sets of Electrons ..119 Three Sets of Electrons ..119 Four Sets of Electrons ..121 Five Sets of Electrons ..122 Six Sets of Electrons ..125 Polar covalent bonds and polar polarity and molecular of determining molecular 5: Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions ..129 Chemical equations ..129 Balancing chemical electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and non-electrolytes ..138 Molecular, ionic, and net ionic displacement reactions: precipitation formation and solubility displacement reactions and water displacement reactions and gas transfer (redox) : responses to student questions about Chapter 5 and 6 6: Chemical Reactions - Mole and Mass formulas and empirical formulas, molecular weights, and formula mole and Avogadro's weight and molar yield and percent 7: Chemical Reactions - Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium.

4 171An introduction to thermodynamics and , work, and other thermodynamic free energy and the spontaneity of rates of chemical reactions ..183 Reaction rates and molecular energy and activated reversibility of chemical equilibrium equilibrium constant constants and Gibbs free 's 8: Gases, Liquids, and gas properties ..204 Ideal gases and the Ideal Gas Law (Universal Gas Law)..207 The ideal gas law and molar mass ideal gas law and combined gas 's Law of Partial Pressures and mole of matter, phase transitions, and enthalpies of phase transitions ..218 Intermolecular forces: attractive interactions between (dispersion) magnitude of London forces increases with molecular size and surface interactions.

5 226 Hydrogen bonds - a special case of dipole-dipole interactions ..227 Ion-dipole the intermolecular forces in forces and forces and physical 9: solution properties and properties of liquids and solutions: surface tension and capillary properties of liquids and solutions: vaporization and vapor pressure ..247 Some properties of liquids and solutions: properties of liquids and solutions: 10: Acids and acid-base information: a Arrhenius acid-base Br nsted-Lowry acid-base theory ..252 The Lewis acid-base and weak acids and behavior of acids and conjugate bases in behavior of bases and conjugate acids in acid-base behavior of water ..264 The pH scale ..265 Calculating [H3O+], [OH-], and solutions.

6 270 IUPAC 2015 NameSymbol At No Atomic WtNameSymbol At No Atomic WtActiniumAc89[227]MendeleviumMd101[258] 5385(7) (3)AmericiumAm95[243] (1) (1)MoscoviumMc115[289] (1) (3) 595(6) (6)AstatineAt85[210]NeptuniumNp93[237] (7) (4)BerkeliumBk97[247]NihoniumNh113[286] 1831(5) 37(2) 40(1) [270]NobeliumNo102[259] [294] (3) (4) 451 96(6) (1) (4) 761 998(5)CaliforniumCf98[251] (9) [244] (1)PoloniumPo84[209] (1) (6)Praseodymium 66(2) 194(4)PromethiumPm61[145]CoperniciumCn11 2[285] 88(2) (3)RadiumRa88[226]CuriumCm96[247]RadonRn 86[222]DarmstadtiumDs110[281] (1)DubniumDb105[270] 50(2) (1)RoentgeniumRg111[281]EinsteiniumEs99[ 252] (3) (3) (2) (1)Rutherfordium Rf104[267]FermiumFm100[257] (2)FleroviumFl114[289] 908(5) 403 163(6)SeaborgiumSg106[269]FranciumFr87[2 23] (8) (3) (1) (2) (8) 769 28(2) 569(5) (1) (2) [270] 88(2) 602(2)TechnetiumTc43[97] 33(2) (3) [293] (1) 35(2) 47(3) (3) (4) (2) 22(2) (2) (7) 47(7) (1)LawrenciumLr103[262] (1) (1) 91(3) (1)LivermoriumLv116[293] (6) (1) (10) 84(2) 044(3) (2)MeitneriumMt109[278] (2)Chapter 1: Matter and MeasurementsWhat is Chemistry ?

7 If you refer to various Chemistry text books you will find a variety of definitions ofchemistry. I prefer to define Chemistry as the study of things made up of atoms and molecules. Itis the study of why things made up of atoms and molecules behave the way they do. It is also thestudy of how to make them behave more usefully. As everything in the world around us iscomposed from atoms, by gaining a fundamental understanding of Chemistry we can begin tounderstand many important and interesting phenomena that affect us on a daily one may read of a variety of different types of Chemistry such as forensicchemistry, geochemistry, food Chemistry , and etc., there are really just five fundamentalbranches of Chemistry :Analytical Chemistry is the study of what is in a substance, and how much of a particularthing is in a substance.

8 Most of the things in the world around us are not chemically pure butconsist of dozens or even hundreds or thousands of different chemically distinct looks like it is simply a liquid, but in fact it is composed of several hundred differentchemicals. The smell of an orange is due to the presence of nearly two hundred differentcompounds. And so on. Analytical Chemistry is used all around us, every day, and in a variety ofways. The study of pollutants in the environment, the analysis of the composition of anexpensive perfume, the testing of a patient's blood in a hospital or of an athlete's urine during acompetition, and a check of the composition of the various liquids used during the manufactureof gasoline, are a few examples of how analytical Chemistry is Chemistry is the study of all of the elements and their compounds exceptcarbon and its Chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds.

9 Since there are 118 knownelements, it often seems odd that an entire branch of Chemistry is devoted to a single element andits compounds while the other 117 elements and their compounds are all lumped together in aseparate discipline, but there is a very good reason for this. There are about million knowninorganic compounds. This is a lot of compounds, and you will not be required to know them all forthis class, although it may seem like it before you're finished. The number of known organiccompounds varies, depending on the reference. These sources state that there are from 16 to 40million or more known organic compounds. Carbon is the basic element of life, and livingcreatures have developed an astonishing array of different organic compounds.

10 A traditionaldefinition of organic compounds are those that contain carbon, , compounds in which carbonis found in the molecular formula. But there are a small number of carbon-containing compoundsthat are classified as inorganic, such as the cyanides, carbonates, and bicarbonates (we ll learnmore about these in Chapter 4). So a better working definition of organic compound is acompound that contains both carbon and hydrogen in its molecular formula, with the exception1of the bicarbonates (hydrogen carbonates). Inorganic compounds are compounds that do notcontain both carbon and hydrogen. This is a general way of classifying organic compounds and thereare some notable exceptions in the real world, but it will be the way by which we make thedistinction between organic and inorganic compounds in this class.