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1 1 2016 11 30 Vibrio vulnificus 2 8% 1 20 C , 2006 , 1998; , 2005 Jones MK, 2009; , 2005; , 2008 , NaCl NaCl 2 FDA, 2012 NaCl 8 , 1998.

2 , 2005 8 43 C FDA, 2011 pH FDA, 2011 FDA, 2011 20 35 C FDA, 2012 pH 2 35 C 18 24 TCBS mCPC 35 C TCBS 39 40 C mCPC 18 24 vvhA DNA PCR FDA, 2004 , 2006 70 C 100 C , 2006 5 9 3 191 C 3 CDC, a 1 2 , 2008 , 2006.

3 Inoue, 2008; , 2005; , 2008 3 CDC 3 50% Inoue, 2008; , 2008 1999 2003 19 27 107 83 50 (60%) 19 83 69 83% 50 10 , 2006 100 CDC, a Inoue, 2008; , 2008 96 93 36 Scallan et al.

4 , 2011 Q&A 4 6 10 , 2006 5 9 3 191 C 10 Codex Codex, 2010 CDC CDC, 2005.

5 CDC, b FDA FDA, 2011 JEMRA Risk Assessment of Vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters. JEMRA, 2005 EU Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health on Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (in raw and undercooked seafood) 5 EU, 2001 10 CDC. a. Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance (COVIS) accessed August 4, 2016) CDC.

6 2005. Vibrio vulnificus Fact Sheet. accessed August 4, 2016) CDC. b. Vibrio Species Causing Vibriosis. Prevention Tips. accessed October 11, 2016 Codex. 2010. Guidelines on the application of general principles of food hygiene to the control of pathogenic Vibrio species in seafood. CAC/GL 73-2010. EU. 2001. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health on Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (in raw and undercooked seafood) (accessed July 29, 2016) FDA. 2004. Chapter 9 - Vibrio, Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) accessed August 4, 2016) FDA.

7 2011. Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition accessed August 4, 2016) FDA. 2012. Vibrio vulnificus. Bad Bug Book, Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins. 2nd Ed. Inoue Y, Ono T, Matsui T, Miyasaka J, Kinoshita Y, Ihn H. 2008. Epidemiological survey of Vibrio vulnificus infection in Japan between 1999 and 2003, J Dermatol 35, 129-139 Jones MK, Oliver JD. 2009. Vibrio vulnificus: disease and pathogenesis. Infect Immun 77, 1723-1733 JEMRA. 2005. Risk assessment of Vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters. (accessed July 29, 2016) Scallan E, et al.

8 , 2011. Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States Major Pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 17, 1, 7-15. 6 . 2006. Q&A . (accessed July 29, 2016) .. (accessed July 29, 2016) . 1998. : 193-201 . 2005. Vibrio vuinificus . 125: 531-547 .. Vibrio vulnificus . accessed October 11, 2016 . 2008.. 24: 911-918 . 2008.. 24: 879-884 . 2005. 2005 55-141