Management of PET Plastic Bottles Waste Through …

1 Sudan Academy of Science Engineering Research And Industrial Technology CouncilManagement of PET Plastic Bottles Waste Through Recycling In Khartoum StatetA Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Cleaner ProductionBy:Nabeel Bedawi Ismail Fadlalla (hon), Eng-U of K. 1975 Supervisor Eldin Eltayb Yassin October 2010A cknow ledgem entI would like to express my gratitude to my friend and supervisor Dr. Kamal Eldin Eltayeb Yassin, who encouraged me to undertake this study could not have been successful without the valuable input of the various stakeholders. I would like to thank them all for sparing their valuable time to participate in the meetings and would like to appreciate the efforts of my friends Awad Eltom and Mohamed Yahia in providing me with the need contacts and access to Sudan Bank and Customs special thanks to my family my parents and wife for their encouragement and thanks also extended to my sons Mohamed and Ahmed for their study has been carried out to assess the general Waste Management in Khartoum State and effectively manage the PET Plastic Bottles by identifying practical means and introducing recycling as cleaner production tool to achieve sustainable development information/ data were gathered during the period June - July 2010 Through questionnaires, interviews.

2 Meetings and visits to various sites, in addition to the official information and documents collected from reliable sources, mainly Sudan Central Bank, Customs Authorities, Ministry of Industry, soft drink and water bottling data were presented in tables, graphs and charts by applying Windows Excel Program and also applying Eview Package for the future forecast. Analysis of data shows a rising consumption in PET Bottles and the forecasted PET consumption in year 2015 estimated to be 60000 Tons, twice the estimate in the year 2010. This situation will create serious environmental problems that require much more effort to be exerted by all stakeholders to look for scientific and practical solutions for the disposal of Plastic Waste Through on the analysis and findings recommendations have been made that ensure on recycling of PET Plastic Bottles by mechanical method that depends mainly on collection, segregation, cleaning and processing.

3 Further studies and researches on other recycling methods have been recommended in the Abstract 'PETJ . PET Excel Eview 'PETJ 0 60 20

4 2010 . ' 'PET J Table of ContentTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentIAbstractIIArabic AbstractIIIC ontentIVList of TablesVIIList of FiguresVIIIABBREVIATIONSIXCHAPTER ONE: INTRO DUCTIO Objectives3CH APTER TWO: LITERATURE Common Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Intrinsic Bottle Processing Thermoplastic Products General30 IVTable of Extrusion Processing Injection Molding Blow Molding Extrusion Blowing of Film Polyester and PET Recycling Industry General PET Bottle Recycling Impurities and Material Defects Processing Examples for Recycling Polyester Simple Re-pelletizing Manufacture of PET-pellets 45for Bottles (B-2-B)

5 Direct Conversion of Bottle Flakes Recycling Back to the Initial Raw Materials Glycolysis and Partial Glycolysis Hydrolysis Methanlysis Practices in Collection& Rcycling of PET Collection Recycling PET Bottles Designing Community PET Recycling Program 52CH APTER THREE: M ATERIALS & M The Study Area Khartoum State Map Sources and Methods of Data Collection Statistical Analysis Methods 56C H APTER FOUR: RESULTS & Results58 Table of Excel Presentation Eview Package Application Soft drink &Water bottling Factories Survey Discussions 70CH APTER FIVE: CO NCLUSIO N& RECO M M ENDATIO Conclusions Recommendations 72 REFERENCES74 List of TablesList of TablesTable ( ) Imported Plastic Resin/ PET Preform &commodity During 2005 - 2009 Table ( ) Annual increment of imported PET preform during period 2005-2010 Table ( ) Forecast of PET Preform ( Bottles ) to Year 2015 VIIF igure ( ) Common polymers derived from crude oil &natural gas Figure ( ) Stress strain graph of thermoplastic ( ) Schematic representation of levels of chain branching in different types of polyethylenesFigure ( ) Simplified flow diagram of Unipol ( ) Flow diagram for suspension or polymerization of vinyl ( ) Simplified flow diagram for solution polymerization of ( ) Flow diagram illustrating components of plastics industry Figure ( )

6 Main features of a simple single-screw extruder Figure ( ) Diagram of a simple injection-molding machine Figure ( ) Injection-molded ( ) Blow molding of Plastic bottlesFigure ( ) Schematic representation of extrusion blowing of Plastic film Figures ( )&( ) Virgin Plastic resin imports quantity/value Figures ( )&( ) PET preform imports quantity/value Figures ( )&( ) Plastic products imports quantity/value Figures ( )&( ) Relationship between Virgin resin, PET and Plastic products imported ( )&( ) Relationship between virgin resin, PET and Plastic products imported valuesFigures ( )&( ) Ratio of PET preform imports against Virgin Resin quantity/valueList of FiguresAbbreviationsTSWT otal solid wasteMSWM unicipal solid wasteLDPELow Density PolyethyleneLLDPEL inear Low Density PolyethyleneHDPEHigh Density PolyethylenePPPolypropylenePVCP olyvinyl ChloridePSPolystyrenePETP olyethylene TerephthalatePMMAP olymethylmetha crylateippIsolated polypropyleneBOPPB iaxially oriented PPVCMV inyl Chloride MonomerpPVCP lasticized PVCFDAFood & Drug AdministrationABSA crylonitrile - Butadiene - StyreneSANS tyrene - acrylonitrile - copolymerSMAS tyrene - Maleic - AntriydrideSBRS tyrene with Butadiene copolymerCFCC hlorofluoro carbonIVIntrinsic ViscosityCHDMC yclohexane di-methanolSBMS tretch blow moldingPTAP urified Terephthalic AcidDMTD imethyl TerephthalateEGEthylene

7 GlycolIXChapter One*IntroductionIntroductionChapter11 General:Total solid Waste (TSW) is every thing that people throw away each day. Total solid Waste comes from agriculture , mining , industry and municipal solid Waste .Municipal solid Waste (MSW) is the garbage that people produce in their homes and where they work which is operated and controlled by local officials such as city or governments. (MSW) contains all kinds of garbage including papers, yard Waste , plastics , old appliance, household garbage, used furniture and any thing that people throw away at homes , schools and business. Sustainable solid Waste Management is crucial problem not only for developing countries but for the developed countries as well.

8 However, the Plastic Waste as significant portion and component of the municipal solid Waste is a quite problematic for its non biodegradability and therefore can stay in the environment for a considerable length of time carrying all sorts of problems.*There are two major categories of plastics include thermoplastics and thermosets..Thermoplastics refer to Plastic materials that can be formed into other products by re-melting or processing into different shapes by the application of heat and pressure. These are easily recyclable into other products. These thermoplastics include polyethylene, low and high density (LDPE, HDPE) polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) etc Thermoset plastics contain alkyd ,epoxy ,ester ,melamine formaldehyde, polyurethane ,etc.

9 Which are cross linked on curing and will not soften with heat to allow these to be formed into different terephthalate (PET) is widely used in several key products ,as fiber for textile applications and into backing materials for audio and video tapes .Biaxially oriented polyester film is used for packaging and as thermoformed sheets in frozen meal trays for microwave ovens . Pet films are used in electric devices as 1 -e-------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- IntroductionChapter1 The best known product made from aromatic polyester (PET),however is the blow molded water and soda Bottles for soft drinks and other household and consumer products . PET is a relatively new packaging resin.

10 Soft drink Bottles remain the biggest user of PET resin .'consumer' Bottles are used for other products such as ,salad dressing ,peanut butter and jullies ,Half of the polyester carpet made in united states is made from recycled PET Bottles .The rise of use of custom bottle and the increased consumption of water and soft drinks away from home have created challenges for increasing the PET recycling rate .PET use has reduced the size of the Waste stream because PET has replaced heavier steel and glass of the approaches to solution of the Plastic Waste problem is Through recycling for its numerous benefits justifying the aim of this study that essentially meant to contribute to sustainable consumption and production of PET Bottles in particular.