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Mankind measures metrology – in short 3rd edition

M e t r o l o g y i n s h o r t3 r d e d i t i o nm e t r o l o g y i n s h o r t 3 r d e d i t i o nMankind measuresMetrology presents a seemingly calm surface covering depths of knowledge that are familiar only to a few, but which most make use of confident that they are sharing a common perception of what is meant by expressions such as metre, kilogram, watt and second. m et r o lo g y i n s h o r t 3 r d e d it i o nJuly 2008c o v e rPhoto of Great Belt east bridge, Denmark.

summary The main purpose of “Metrology – in short” rd edition is to increase awareness of metrology and to establish a common metrological frame of reference.

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Transcription of Mankind measures metrology – in short 3rd edition

1 M e t r o l o g y i n s h o r t3 r d e d i t i o nm e t r o l o g y i n s h o r t 3 r d e d i t i o nMankind measuresMetrology presents a seemingly calm surface covering depths of knowledge that are familiar only to a few, but which most make use of confident that they are sharing a common perception of what is meant by expressions such as metre, kilogram, watt and second. m et r o lo g y i n s h o r t 3 r d e d it i o nJuly 2008c o v e rPhoto of Great Belt east bridge, Denmark.

2 Each of the east bridge s 55 prefabricated 48-metre, 500-ton bridge sections were measured in detail in order to adjust the four hangers which carry the section, to ensure the correct tension. The measured, and expected, deviations from the theoretical measurements required a hanger adjustment of 30 mm. The adjustment of each hanger pin was determined to an accuracy of 1 mm. A wide network of contractors and subcontractors from 10 European countries were involved in building the bridge 1988 - 1997.

3 Reliable and verified measurements were essential in this huge and complex Howarth Fiona RedgraveDanish Fundamental metrology Ltd National Physical LaboratoryMatematiktorvet 307 Hampton Road, Teddington DK 2800 Lyngby TW11 0LW Denmark United Kingdom project 1011, participants: DFM Denmark, NPL United Kingdom, PTB Germanyp h oto g r a p h e rS ren Madsen, copyright: Sund & B e s i g 4160-0708p r i ntSchultz Grafisk, DK 2620 AlbertslundISBN 978-87-988154-5-7 The copyright of this booklet is held by EURAMET 2008.

4 Permission for translation can be obtained from the EURAMET Secretariat. For further information, please consult the EURAMET website or contact the Secretariat: i s cl a i m e r metrology - in short 3rd edition was commissioned by the iMERA project Implementing metrology in the European Research Area project, contractnumber 16220, under the 6th Framework Programme and jointly financed by the European Commission and the participating institutes. The findings,conclusions and interpretations expressed in this booklet are those of the authors and contributors only and should in no way be taken to reflect neither the policies or opinions of the European Commission.

5 S u m m a r y The main purpose of metrology in short rd edition is to increase awareness of metrology and to establish a common metrological frame of reference. It is meant to provide users of metrology with a transparent and handy tool to obtain metrological s global economy depends on reliable measurements and tests, which are trusted and accepted internationally. They should not create technical barriers to trade and a precondition for this is a widely utilised and robust metrological content of this handbook is a description of scientific, industrial and legal metrology .

6 The technical subject fields of metrology and metrological units are described. The international metrology infrastructure is detailed, including the regional metrology organisations such as EURAMET. A list of metrological terms is collected primarily from internationally recognised standards. References are given to institutions, organisations and laboratories by reference to their website homepages. metrology in short rd edition is commissioned by the iMERA Implementing metrology in the European Research Area project, contract number 16220, under the 6th Framework Programme and jointly financed by the European Commission and the participating institutes.

7 T a b l e o f c o n t e n t s fo r e w o r d 7 1 . i nt r o d u ct i o n 81 . 1 m a n ki n d m e a s u r e s 81 . 2 c at eg o r i e s o f m et r o lo g y 1 01 . 3 n at i o n a l e d it i o n s o f m et r o lo g y i n s h o r t 1 12 . m et r o lo g y 1 32 . 1 i n d u st r i a l a n d s ci e nt i fi c m et r o lo g y 1 Subject fields 1 Measurement standards Certified Reference Materials Traceability & calibration metrology in chemistry Reference procedures Uncertainty Testing 2 2.

8 2 leg a l m et r o lo g y 2 Legislation for measuring instruments 2 EU Legislation for measuring instruments EU Enforcement of measuring instrument legislation 2 Measurement and testing in legislation 273 . m et r o lo g i c a l o r g a n i s at i o n 2 93 . 1 i nt e r n at i o n a l i n fr a st r u ct u r e 2 9 . The Metre Convention 29 . CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement 0 .1. National metrology Institutes 2 . Designated institutes 4 .1. Accredited laboratories 4 . Regional metrology Organisations 4.

9 ILAC . OIML . IUPAP 6 . IUPAC 73 . 2 e u r o p e a n i n fr a st r u ct u r e 4 0 . metrology EURAMET 40 . Accreditation EA 41 .2. Legal metrology WELMEC 42 . EUROLAB 4 .2. Eurachem 4 6 . COOMET 4 3 . 3 a m e r i c a s i n fr a st r u ct u r e 4 4 ..1 metrology SIM 44 ..2 Accreditation IAAC 443 . 4 a s i a paci fi c i n fr a st r u ct u r e 4 5 . metrology APMP 4 . Accreditation APLAC 4 .4. Legal metrology APLMF 4 3 . 5 a fr i c a n i n fr a st r u ct u r e 4 6.

10 1 metrology AFRIMETS 46 ..2 metrology SADCMET 47 .. Accreditation SADCA 47 ..4 Legal metrology SADCMEL 47 .. Other sub-regional structures 474 . m e a s u r e m e nt s i m pact s o m e e x a m p le s 4 84 . 1 n at u r a l g a s 4 84 . 2 ki d n ey d i a ly s i s 5 04 . 3 n a n o pa r t i cle s 5 14 . 4 fe r t i li s e r 5 24 . 5 h e at m et e r s 5 34 . 6 fo o d s a fet y 5 44 . 7 c a n ce r t r e at m e nt 5 54 . 8 a i r cr a ft e m i ss i o n s 5 64 . 9 i v d d i r e ct i v e 5 75.


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