MANUAL FOR DROUGHT MANAGEMENT - NIDM

1 MANUAL . FOR. DROUGHT MANAGEMENT . Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Government of India New Delhi i The MANUAL for DROUGHT MANAGEMENT has been developed by the National Institute of Disaster MANAGEMENT (NIDM) through a consultative process involving the concerned Central Ministries, State Governments, scientific, technical and research organisations and the grass root level organisations working for mitigation and MANAGEMENT of DROUGHT . NIDM is the apex training and resource center of the Government of India in the field of disaster MANAGEMENT . It has provided various services and support to the Government of India and the State Governments for disaster MANAGEMENT in the country. It has published various manuals, guidelines, training literature, research papers and journals on various aspects of disaster risk MANAGEMENT .

2 Over a period of time, it has emerged as a premier institution specializing in disaster MANAGEMENT in South Asia. This MANUAL has been developed with support and guidance from the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Acknowledgement This MANUAL has been developed by a team of experts of the NIDM under the supervision of Mr. Chakrabarti, Executive Director. The team comprised of Dr. Santosh Kumar, Head of the Policy Planning Division of the Institute, Dr. V. K Sehgal, former Head of the Hydro-Meteorological Division and Dr. Rajesh K. Mall, Associate Professor of the same Division. Dr. Krishna Vatsa, former Secretary of Relief and Rehabilitation, Government of Maharashtra was the principal consultant for drafting the MANUAL , while Ms.

3 Vani Kurup edited the MANUAL . The MANUAL has been reviewed by the officials of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. ii Contents Preface .. v Foreword .. vii DROUGHT MANAGEMENT Strategy .. 1. How to Use This MANUAL .. 2. The New System for DROUGHT MANAGEMENT .. 4. Section 1: Understanding DROUGHT .. 7. What is DROUGHT ? .. 9. Impacts of DROUGHT .. 10. DROUGHT in India .. 12. Classification of DROUGHT .. 13. Characteristics of DROUGHT .. 15. Why Does DROUGHT Recur in India? .. 24. Section 2: Monitoring DROUGHT .. 25. Monitoring and Early Warning Systems .. 27. Institutions Providing Monitoring and Early Warning .. 28. Institutional Mechanism for DROUGHT Monitoring and Early Warning at the National and State levels.

4 33. Key DROUGHT Indicators .. 37. Developing a Composite Index .. 41. Section 3: DROUGHT Declaration .. 45. Key Index 1: Rainfall Deficiency .. 49. Key Index 2: Area Under Sowing .. 50. Key Index 3: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index .. 51. Key Index 4: Moisture Adequacy Index .. 53. Other Factors for Consideration .. 55. Section 4: DROUGHT Relief .. 57. Contingency Crop Planning .. 60. Support to Farmers .. 62. Relief Employment .. 63. Water Resource MANAGEMENT .. 70. Provision of water .. 70. Food Security .. 78. Provision of Food .. 78. Nutrition Aspects of Food Security .. 80. Gratuitous Assistance .. 82. Relief through Tax Waivers and Concessions .. 85. iii Cattle Camps and Fodder Supply .. 87. Role of the Animal Husbandry Department .. 90. Role of the Forest Department.

5 90. Role of the Agriculture Department .. 91. Role of the Irrigation Department .. 91. Health and Hygiene .. 92. Institutional Response .. 94. Role of the Central Government .. 94. Role of the State Government .. 96. Role of the District Administration .. 97. Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions .. 99. Role of Non-Government Organizations and Civil Society Organizations .. 99. Financing Relief Expenditure .. 101. Administration of CRF .. 101. Release of NCCF Funds .. 102. Development Programmes for DROUGHT Relief .. 103. Monitoring DROUGHT Expenditures .. 103. Information MANAGEMENT and Media Coordination .. 105. Section 5: DROUGHT Mitigation .. 109. DROUGHT Response and Mitigation .. 111. Current DROUGHT Mitigation Programmes .. 113. National Rainfed Area Authority.

6 113. DROUGHT Prone Areas Programme and Desert Development Programme .. 114. Integrated Watershed MANAGEMENT Programme (IWMP) .. 120. Recommendations for DROUGHT Mitigation .. 121. Implementing DROUGHT Mitigation Measures .. 126. Water Harvesting and Conservation .. 126. Water Saving Technologies: Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems .. 138. Long-term Irrigation MANAGEMENT .. 139. Afforestation .. 142. Crop Insurance .. 143. Community Participation in DROUGHT Mitigation .. 144. Climate Variability and Adaptation .. 146. References .. 148. Annexures .. 151. Annex 1: DROUGHT Forms .. 153. Annex 2: National and State DROUGHT Monitoring Centres .. 174. Annex 3: DROUGHT Declaration Certificates .. 179. Annex 4: Preparation of Memorandum to the Government of India.

7 182. Abbreviations and Acronyms .. 187. Glossary of Terms .. 190. iv D. O. No. : 1523/AM/2009. 'kjn iokj d f"k] miHkksDrk ekeys] [kk| vkSj SHARAD PAWAR lkoZtfud ea=kh Hkkjr ljdkj MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE. & CONSUMER AFFAIRS. FOOD AND PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. 01, October, 2009. Preface 2/- v 'kjn iokj d f"k] miHkksDrk ekeys] [kk| vkSj SHARAD PAWAR lkoZtfud ea=kh Hkkjr ljdkj MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE. & CONSUMER AFFAIRS. FOOD AND PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. :: 2 :: vi Vh0 uUn dqekj] vkbZ0 ,0 ,l0 Hkkjr ljdkj lfpo d`f"k ea=kky;. T. Nanda Kumar, IAS d`f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk foHkkx Government of India Secretary Ministry of Agriculture Department of Agriculture & Cooperation Foreword vii viii DROUGHT MANAGEMENT Strategy Source: DROUGHT MANAGEMENT , Ministry of Agriculture MANUAL for DROUGHT MANAGEMENT |1|.

8 How to Use This MANUAL T. his new MANUAL for DROUGHT MANAGEMENT suggests a system for DROUGHT MANAGEMENT policy and programmes to be followed by the Government of India and State Governments. It focuses on the general /. common elements of DROUGHT MANAGEMENT at the national level, while allowing the States to include their specific schemes and interventions and incorporates DROUGHT forecasting, monitoring, response and mitigation as a continuum of activities. The objective of this MANUAL is to serve as a handbook for all the decision-makers and administrators, from the Government of India to the village-level. Yet it has the necessary flexibility to include State-level details of implementation. This MANUAL would be updated regularly at the national level on the basis of new experiences and interventions in DROUGHT MANAGEMENT so that it includes all the evolving approaches and practices in DROUGHT MANAGEMENT on a dynamic basis.

9 The MANUAL is divided into the following sections: Understanding DROUGHT : This section outlines the conceptual issues related to DROUGHT . It discusses the phenomenon of DROUGHT and its impact, history of DROUGHT in India, followed by information on classification of DROUGHT , its characteristics, such as seasonal and intra-seasonal variability, duration, and geographical spread. The section concludes with a discussion on why DROUGHT recurs in India. Monitoring DROUGHT : This section provides information on the use of early warning systems as well as all institutions and mechanisms involved in the process. It also discusses the key indicators of DROUGHT as well as several indices used for monitoring droughts. It recommends an institutional system for monitoring DROUGHT at the national and state levels.

10 Declaring DROUGHT : This section presents a combination of indicators and indices, which could be used for DROUGHT declaration as well as the processes State Governments must follow for DROUGHT declaration. The section also provides guidelines for the preparation and submission of a Memorandum to the Government of India for DROUGHT relief. Providing Relief: This section elaborates a number of relief and response measures involved in DROUGHT MANAGEMENT . It includes contingency crop planning, relief |2| MANUAL for DROUGHT MANAGEMENT employment, water resource MANAGEMENT , food security, gratuitous assistance, relief through tax waivers and concessions, cattle camps and fodder supply, and institutional response. Mitigating DROUGHT : The final section provides information on the National Rainfed Area Authority, an apex-level organization set up for implementing long-term DROUGHT mitigation measures and processes that need to be followed up for implementing a mitigation programme at the State level.