MANUAL OF PROCEDURES FOR EARTHWORK …

1 MANUAL OF PROCEDURES . FOR. E A R T H W O R K. C O N S T R U C T I O N. VOLUME I. JANUARY 1998. An Equal Opportunity Employer VOLUME I. FOREWORD. The purpose of this MANUAL is to provide construction The entire EARTHWORK MANUAL is not part of the con- personnel with information necessary to control the tract with the Contractor. The information contained in work so that the EARTHWORK items of highway construc- the MANUAL does not replace, supersede or modify any tion will be performed in accordance with requirements specification, plan or proposal provision of the contract.

2 Of the contract. This MANUAL is available to construc- But the field testing portion of the MANUAL is part of the tion personnel as a source of ready reference, and it is contract in accordance with the duty of field personnel to become familiar with the In the interest of brevity, some detailed informa- contents. tion which is available elsewhere is not included in this Included is condensed background information on MANUAL . This MANUAL should not be considered a com- soil properties, soil identification and classification, and plete textbook on soils, engineering or EARTHWORK .

3 Laboratory test for soil. It is intended that this back- This MANUAL is divided into two volumes. Both ground information will help construction personnel un- are to be used for EARTHWORK Construction. derstand soil terms used in the specifications and in these detailed instructions. STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. i INTRODUCTION. EARTHWORK consists of roadway excavations (cuts) and project. Consider, for example, a highway project where roadway embankments (fills) for highways and 95 percent of the EARTHWORK was performed in accor- associated items of work.

4 EARTHWORK includes all types of dance with the specifications. But 5 percent was materials excavated and placed in embankment, nonspecification and low stability material which oc- including soil, granular material, rock, shale, and curred in many small areas distributed throughout the random material. Associated items of work considered project. Pavement roughness and distress developed in to be in the broad range of EARTHWORK include clearing these areas during service under traffic loading. Such a and grubbing, removal of trees and stumps, scalping, project probably would be evaluated by the traveling removal of structures and obstructions, channel public as a rough job or a poorly constructed.

5 Excavation, preparation of foundations for embankment, project. No notice or credit would be given to the 95. disposal of excavated material, borrow, preparation of percent of the work which was constructed properly. subgrade, proof rolling, subbase, and temporary water The entire project might be discredited and considered poor pollution, soil erosion and siltation control. If pavement because of a relative small proportion of poor EARTHWORK is to remain smooth and stable during years of service construction.

6 Under traffic, the EARTHWORK on which it is built must be The foregoing assumed example is intended to il- stable and must furnish uniform support. Where lustrate the need for consistent compliance with roughness, settlements and other distress develop in EARTHWORK specifications in all areas, both large and pavement during service under traffic, the cause often is small, throughout the length of the project, and through- a deficiency in the stability of EARTHWORK which supports out the time from the beginning to the end of EARTHWORK the pavement.

7 Construction. Uniformity of EARTHWORK is necessary and impor- tant to obtain high stability and long term performance at all locations throughout the length and width of the STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ii METRICATION. This version of the MANUAL has been converted to metric units. All tables, forms, graphs, curves and tests are in dull units. The metric units are first and the English units are in parenthesis, , metric (English). All forms ending with yd x = m volume a M are metric. (For example, C-88M is the metric compaction form and C-88 is the English form.)

8 Weight measurements can be measured to the nearest of a kilogram. Normally rounded to nearest whole kilogram on the compaction forms. For higher accuracy record to nearest of a kilogram. The following are some of the conversions used in this MANUAL . psi x = kPa pressure in x = mm Area rounded psi x = MPa pressure lbs x = kg Weight rounded lbs x = N Force rounded lbs x = grams Weight ft x = m Length ft x ( ) = m Area iii STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. VOLUME I. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Section Old Page Section*.

9 Forward .. i .. 1. Introduction .. ii .. 2. Metrication .. iii .. Chapter Index .. 1-1 .. new General Soils Information .. 1-3 .. 3. Soil and Soil Properties .. 1-3 .. 3. Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures .. 1-10 .. 4. Crude Soil Identification Techniques Used in the Field .. 1-15 .. new Engineering Properties of Soils .. 1-16 .. new Chapter Index .. 2-1 .. new General EARTHWORK Construction .. 2-3 .. Removal of Trees and Stumps .. 2-3 .. 6. Temporary Water Pollution, Soil Erosion and Siltation Control.

10 2-5 .. 9. Borrow and Waste Areas .. 2-10 .. 15. Elasticity and Deformation of Soils .. 2-13 .. Foundation for Embankments .. 2-15 .. 7. Proof Rolling Subgrade .. 2-17 .. 13. Drainage .. 2-21 .. 10. STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION iv MANUAL of PROCEDURES for EARTHWORK Construction - VOLUME I. Section Old Page Section*. Chapter Index .. 3-1 .. new Moisture Control and Testing .. 3-2 .. 11, 20. Moisture Control of Soil Embankments During Construction .. 3-2 .. Tests for Moisture .. 3-2 .. 20.