MASTER’S THESIS: PROMOTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC …

1 LINK PING UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS MSc INTERNATIONAL & EUROPEAN RELATIONS MASTER S THESIS: PROMOTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC development THROUGH REGIONAL INTEGRATION THE POLITICS OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES IN AFRICA Author: Gaudence Nyirabikali Supervisor: Associate Professor Per Jansson June 2005 1 Cape VerdeDjiboutiGhanaLiberiaSierra LeoneGuineaGambiaSenegalEquatorial GuineaGuinea-BissauCentral African RepublicGabonLesothoSwazilandBotswanaZim babweWesternSaharaMauritiusComorosSeyche llesThe boundaries and names shown on this map do not implyofficial endorsement or acceptance by the united * Boxed islands not to scaleBurkina FasoBurkina FasoZ ItEZambiaMozambiqueMalawiMadagascarBurun diRwandaC te d IvoireKenyaEthiopiaSomaliaSudanEgyptNige rMauritaniaMaliNigeriaTogoBeninNamibiaLi byanArab JamahiriyaChadSouth AfricaUnited Republicof TanzaniaDemocratic Republicof CongoAngolaAlgeriaMoroccoTunisiaSao Tom and PrincipeUMAUMAUMACOMESACOMESAIGADCOMESAI GADCOMESAIGADCOMESAIGADCOMESAEAC

2 IGADCEEACCEMACECOWASECOWASECOWAS, MRUECOWAS, MRUECOWASECOWAS, MRUECOWASUEMOAECOWASUEMOAECOWAS UEMOAECOWASUEMOAECOWASUEMOAUMAECOWASECOW ASUEMOACEEACCEMACCEEACCEMACCEEACCEMACCEE AC, CEMACCEEAC, CEMACECOWASUEMOACEEACCOMESAEACSADCCEEACC OMESASADCCOMESASACUSADCCOMESASADCCOMESAS ADCSACUSADCSADCSACUCEEAC CEPLGCOMESACEEAC, CEPLGCOMESA, SADCSACU, SADCCOMESA, IOCSACU, SADCSADCCOMESASADCCOMESAIOCCOMESA, IOCCOMESAIOC, SADC COMESA EACIGADCOMESAIGADUMA}}}COMESAIOC, SADC}R E G I O N A L I N T E G R A T I O N2 SEPTEMBER 2002 CEEACC ommunaut Economique des Etats de l Afrique CentraleCEMAC Communaut Economique et Mon taire d Afrique CentraleCEPLGC ommunaut Economique des Pays des Grands LacsCOMESAC ommon Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaEACEast African CooperationECOWASE conomic Community of West African StatesIGADI ntergovernmental Authority for DevelopmentIOCI ndian Ocean CommissionMRUMano River UnionSACUS outhern African Customs UnionSADCS outhern African development CommunityUEMOAU nion Economique et Mon taire Ouest-AfricaineUMAU nion du Maghreb ArabSource: UN Africa RecoveryAfrica s multiple regional economic groupsSource: Africa Recovery, September 2002.

3 (Available at: ) table OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .. 5 ABSTRACT .. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. 7 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION THE CONCEPT OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN INTERNATIONAL 8 POLITICAL ECONOMY .. REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN AFRICA .. 9 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .. 11 PLAN OF THE STUDY .. 12 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL ORIENTATION AND METHODOLOGY CLASSICAL THEORIES IN REGIONAL INTEGRATION .. 13 FUNCTIONALISM .. 13 NEO-FUNCTIONALISM .. 13 NEW INSTITUTIONALISM .. 14 TRANSACTIONALISM .. 14 FEDERALISM .. 14 INTERGOVERNMENTALISM.

4 14 REALISM (NEO-REALISM) .. 14 THE NEW REGIONALISMS APPROACH .. 15 COLLECTIVE IDENTITY FORMATION .. 17 SPECIFICATION OF RESEARCH PARAMETERS .. 18 POLITICAL STRUCTURES .. 18 SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS .. 18 ECONOMIC 19 REGIONAL 19 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .. 19 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY .. 19 RESEARCH DESIGN .. 19 DATA COLLECTION .. 20 DATA ANALYSIS .. 20 CHAPTER III: OVERVIEW OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES NORTH AFRICA REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY .. 22 SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY .. 23 WEST AFRICA REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY .. 25 CENTRAL AFRICA REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY.

5 26 EAST AFRICA REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY .. 28 SELECTION OF A REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMUNITY FOR THE STUDY .. 29 CHAPTER IV: development REGIONALISM IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN development COMMUNITY (SADC) EVOLUTION OF THE COMMUNITY .. 31 POLITICAL STRUCTURES WITHIN THE SADC REGION .. 32 SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS .. 33 THE SADC S ECONOMIC DYNAMICS .. 34 development OF THE REGIONAL 34 Intra-regional Market .. 35 Extra-regional Market .. 38 ORGANISATION OF 39 Mining .. 39 Agriculture and Related natural resources .. 39 Industry .. 40 REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES development 41 Regional cooperation in Transport and Communications.

6 42 Regional cooperation in the Energy sector .. 42 Regional Water Management .. 42 Regional cooperation in Tourism .. 43 COOPERATION IN FINANCE AND INVESTMENT .. 43 COOPERATION IN SOCIAL AND HUMAN 43 REGIONAL GOVERNANCE .. 45 COLLECTIVE IDENTITY FORMATION .. 45 CHAPTER V: THE ACTUAL LEVELS OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN development COMMUNITY REGIONAL POLITICAL AND SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS .. 47 REGIONAL GOVERNANCE AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY FORMATION .. 48 REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC COOPERATION .. 48 GENERAL PERFORMANCE TOWARDS ACHIEVING REGIONAL ECONOMIC STRATEGIES .. 48 LIBERALISATION AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMPLEXITIES 50 IMPACT OF EXTERNAL AGREEMENTS ON THE REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESS.

7 51 CHAPTER VI: PLAUSIBLE WAYS OF DEEPENING THE REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESS IN THE SADC PLAUSIBLE INTRA-REGIONAL STRATEGIES .. 52 EPAs AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC development .. 53 EPAs AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION .. 54 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS LEVELS OF REGIONNESS IN THE SADC 56 PLAUSIBLE WAYS OF DEEPENING THE REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESS .. 57 FUTURE 58 REFERENCES 4 ABBREVIATIONS ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of Countries AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian nations AU African Union CEMAC Communaut Economique et Monetaire de l Afrique Centrale CFA Common Franc Area COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community EC European Community ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EPA Economic Partnership Agreement ESA Eastern and Southern Africa EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FTA Free Trade Agreement GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GDP Gross Domestic Product GSP Generalised System of Preferences HIV/AIDS Human

8 Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HSGIC Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on development IMF International Monetary Fund MERCOSUR Mercado Com n del Sur MISA Media Institute of Southern Africa NA Not Applicable NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NEPAD New Partnership for Africa s development OAU Organisation for African Unity RECS Regional Economic Communities RETOSA Regional Tourism Organisation of Southern Africa SA/RSA South Africa/Republic of South Africa SADC Southern African development Community SADCC Southern African development Coordination Conference SA-TDCA South African Trade and development Cooperation Agreement SACU Southern African Customs Union SSA Sub Saharan Africa SIPO Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ on Politics.

9 Defence and Security Cooperation SPS Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Standards TBT Technical Barriers to Trade TRIPS Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRIMS Trade Related Investments Measures UMA Union du Maghreb Arab UN united nations UNECA united nations Economic Commission for Africa undp united nations development Program UNU/WIDER united nations University/World Institute for development Economic Research US/USA united States/ united States of America WTO World Trade Organisation 5 ABSTRACT Regional integration has gained momentum since the 1980s and throughout the world. The new regionalism process prevailing since differs from the old one by its multidimensionality covering economic, political, social, and cultural issues within a regional setting.

10 While the old regionalism focused on market protection using a range of tariff and non tariff barriers, the New Regionalism is reinforced by the globalisation effects and strives for efficiency in production, and market access. Using the New Regionalisms Approach, the aim of this thesis is to appreciate the actual levels of regional integration in Africa and explore plausible ways of deepening the integration process with the view that regional integration can promote SOCIO-ECONOMIC development , provided a pro- development approach is privileged in the conception and implementation of the regional integration process. Focusing on SADC as a representative regional economic community, a qualitative content analysis is used for data collection while policy analysis is carried out using the Institutional Analysis and development framework.