Math into LATEX - LORIA

1 math into LATEXAn Introduction to LATEX andAMS- LATEX This book is dedicated to those who worked so hardand for so long to bring these important tools to us:The LATEX3 teamand in particularFrank Mittelbach (project leader) and David CarlisleTheAMSteamand in particularMichael J. Downes (project leader) and David M. Jones George Gr atzerMath into LATEXAn Introduction to LATEX andAMS-LATEXBIRKH AUSERBOSTON BASEL BERLIN George Gr atzerDepartment of MathematicsUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg, ManitobaCanada R3T 2N2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGr atzer, George into LATEX : an introduction to LATEX and AMS- LATEX /George Gr 0-8176-3805-9 (acid-free paper) (pbk. : alk. paper)1.

2 Mathematics printing Computer Computerized dc20 CIPP rinted on acid-free paperc Birkh auser Boston 1996 All rights by the Author in LATEXD esign, layout, and typography by Mery Sawdey, Minneapolis, MN Short contentsPrefacexviiiIntroductionxixI A short course11 Typing your first article3II Text and math592 Typing text613 Text environments1114 Typing math1405 Multiline math displays180 III Document structure2096 LATEX documents2117 Standard LATEX document classes2358 AMS- LATEX documents243v viShort contentsIV Customizing2659 Customizing LATEX267V Long bibliographies and indexes30910 BIBTEX31111 MakeIndex332A math symbol tables345B Text symbol tables356C TheAMS- LATEX sample article360D Sample article with user-defined commands372E Background379F PostScript fonts387G Getting it392H Conversions402I Final word410 Bibliography413 Afterword416 Index419

3 ContentsPrefacexviiiIntroductionxixTypog raphical conventions::::::::::::::::::::::::xxviI A short course11 Typing your first Typing a very short article The Your first Lines too More text Typing The A note with Building blocks of a Building a formula step-by- Formula Typing equations and aligned Aligned The anatomy of an The typeset Article Your first Editing the top matter:::::::::::::::::::42vii Invoking Inserting LATEX error Logical and visual A brief Using Interactive What s next?:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::56II Text and math592 Typing The The basic Special Prohibited Words, sentences, and The spacing The Instructing Commands and Types of Symbols not on the Ties or nonbreakable Special Accents and symbols in Logos and Commenting Changing font The basic font The document font Command Shape commands.

4 85 Italic Two-letter Size Boxed Lines, paragraphs, and Multicolumn Horizontal Vertical Relative Expanding Line Paragraph Marginal Solid Fine-tuning Fragile Splitting up the Input and Combining files:::::::::::::::::::::::1093 Text List Numbered lists: Bulleted lists: Captioned lists: Rule and Tabbing Miscellaneous displayed text Proclamations (theorem-like structures) The full Proclamations with Proof Some general rules for displayed text Tabular environment::::::::::::::::::::::::132 Style and size environments::::::::::::::::::::1384 Typing math The spacing The equation Basic Subscripts and Binomial Text in Delimiter Delimiters of fixed Delimiters of variable Delimiters as binary Operator Declaring Sums and Large Multiline subscripts and math Horizontal lines that Horizontal Over and Stretchable arrow math The spacing of Building new Stacking Declaring the Vertical math alphabets and math math alphabets of Bold math Size Continued fractions:::::::::::::::::::::175 Tagging and Generalized Boxed formulas.

5 1795 Multiline math Gathering Splitting a long Some general The subformula Group Aligned The subformula rule Align Aligned subsidiary math Subsidiary variants of aligned math Adjusted Commutative Pagebreak::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2 05 III Document structure2096 LATEX The structure of a The Front Table of Main Cross- Tables and Back Bibliography in an Page style::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::232 xiiContents7 Standard LATEX document Thearticle,report, andbookdocument More on Theletterdocument The LATEX Tools::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2418 AMS- LATEX The threeAMSdocument Font size The top Article Author Multiple math TheAMS- LATEX packages:::::::::::::::::::::261IV Customizing2659 Customizing User-defined Commands as Redefining Optional Redefining Showing the meaning of User-defined Short Numbering and Length Delimited A custom command Custom Length commands for Thelistenvironment:::::::::::::::::::299 Two complete Custom formats.

6 304V Long bibliographies and indexes30910 The Entry Conference proceedings and Technical Other entry Using The sample The The four steps of The files of BIBTEX rules and Concluding Preparing the Index Processing the index Glossary:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::3 44A math symbol tables345B Text symbol tables356C TheAMS- LATEX sample article360D Sample article with user-defined commands372 xivContentsE A short The first interim The second interim How does it work? The Viewing and The files of LATEX ::::::::::::::::::::::385F PostScript The Times font and MathT LucidaBright fonts:::::::::::::::::::::::::390G Getting Getting Where to get it?

7 Getting Transferring More advanced file transfer The sample the user groups:::::::::::::::::::::400H From Plain TEX code in From Version 2 Version The LATEX FromAMS- FromAMS- LATEX version :::::::::::::::::::406I Final What was left out? Omitted from Omitted from Further reading:::::::::::::::::::::::::::411 Bibliography413 Afterword416 Index419 List of Special Font table for Computer Modern typewriter style European Extra text European Font family switching Tabular Floating table with\ Tabular table with\multicolumnand\ Standard Arrow Operators without Operators with Large math Spacing Table of redefinable names in Standard LATEX binary binary relations.

8 349xv xviList of spacing math math font Special text Text Some European Extra text Text spacing Text font Font size size Lower font table for the Times Upper font table for the Times Some UNIX TEX commands to avoid in A translation style commands dropped inAMS- commands to avoid:::::::::::::::::::408 List of A schematic view of an The structure of Using The structure of a Sectioning commands in thearticledocument Sectioning commands in theamsartdocument Page layout for thearticledocument for Top-or-bottom tags option package and document class The layout of a custom Using BIBTEX, Step 2 Using BIBTEX, Step 3 A sample UsingMakeIndex, Step 1 UsingMakeIndex, Step 2::::::::::::::::::::::340xvii PrefaceIt is indeed a lucky author who is given the opportunity to completely rewrite abook barely a year after its publication.

9 Writing about software affords such op-portunities (especially if the original edition sold out), since the author is shootingat a moving andAMS- LATEX improved dramatically with the release of the new stan-dard LATEX (called LATEX2") in June of 1994 and the revision ofAMS- LATEX (ver-sion ) in February of 1995. The change inAMS- LATEX is profound. LATEX2"made it possible forAMS- LATEX to join the LATEX world. One of the main pointsof the present book is to make this clear. This book introduces LATEX as a toolfor mathematical typesetting, and treatsAMS- LATEX as a set of enhancements tothe standard LATEX , to be used in conjunction with hundreds of other LATEX2" expert. Learning the mysteries of the system has given me greatrespect for those who crafted it: Donald Knuth, Leslie Lamport, Michael Spivak,and others did the original work; David Carlisle, Michael J.

10 Downes, David , Frank Mittelbach, Rainer Sch opf, and many others built on the work ofthese pioneers to create the new LATEX of these experts and a multitude of others helped me while I was writingthis book. I would like to express my deepest appreciation and heartfelt thanks toall who gave their time so generously. Their story is told in the course, the responsibility is mine for all the mistakes remaining in the send corrections and suggestions for improvements to me at the follow-ing address:Department of MathematicsUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg MB, R3T IntroductionIs this book for you?This book is for the mathematician, engineer, scientist, or technical typist whowants to write and typeset articles containing mathematical formulas but does notwant to spend much time learning how to do assume you are set up to use LATEX , and you know how to use an editor totype a document, such as:\documentclass{article}\begin{documen t}The square root of two: $\sqrt{2}$.