Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A - images.pcmac.org

1 Name _____ Class _____Date _____ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology i Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A Answer Key SECTION 1. CHROMOSOMES AND Meiosis 1. somatic/body cells; germ cells/gametes 2. reproductive 3. 46 4. mother 5. father 6. autosomes 7. X 8. Y 9. female 1 0 . Y 1 1 . f u s e 1 2 . G e r m 1 3 . h a p l o i d 1 4 . s e x c h r o m o s o m e 1 5 . M i t o s i s 1 6 . M e i o s i s 1 7 . a ; b ; e SECTION 2. PROCESS OF Meiosis 1. sister chromatid 2. homologous 3. Refer to Figure for visual answers. prophase I 4. metaphase I 5. anaphase I 6. telophase I 7. prophase II 8. metaphase II 9. anaphase II 1 0 . t e l o p h a s e I I 1 1 . a n a p h a s e I s h o u l d b e c i r c l e d ; a n a p h a s e I I should be boxed.

2 1 2 . S p e r m c e l l : D N A ; E g g : D N A , o r g a n e l l e s , molecular building blocks 1 3 . f e m a l e 1 4 . R e f e r t o F i g u r e 2 . 4 f o r v i s u a l a n s w e r s . 1 5 . b i r t h o r f o r m a t i o n 1 6 . m e i o s i s ; b r o k e n d o w n SECTION 3. Mendel AND HEREDITY 1. inheritance 2. Mendel 3. traits 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. quickly; mate 8. dominant; both dominant and recessive phenotypes. 9. genes 1 0 . i , t w o c o p i e s ; i i , o n e c o p y 1 1 . g e n e s 1 2 . g e n e t i c s SECTION 4. TRAITS, GENES, AND ALLELES 1. gene; protein 2. gene; locus 3. homozygous; heterozygous 4. genes; alleles 5. Images should be similar to the Visual Vocab on the first page of Section 4. Students will label Gene A, Gene A, Gene B, and Gene b.

3 6. Genotype: b and c; Phenotype: a and d 7. dominant; recessive 8. environment 9. TT 1 0 . r e c e s s i v e 1 1 . d o m i n a n t 1 2 . Tt 1 3 . d o m i n a n t 1 4 . a l l e l e 1 5 . h e t e r o z y g o u s ; r e c e s s i v e Name _____ Class _____Date _____ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology ii Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A Study Guide A continuedSECTION 5. TRAITS AND PROBABILITY 1. The A a pairs located above the grid and to the left of the grid should be circled. 2. AA, Aa, and aa 3. Meiosis ; homologous 4. genotype; phenotype 5. 1:2:1 6. 3:1 7. c 8. AB; Ab 9. 9:3:3:1 1 0 . a v e r a g e ; e x a c t 1 1 . m u l t i p l y 1 2 . r e c e s s i v e ; u n k n o w n 1 3 . a l l e l e p a i r s SECTION 6. Meiosis AND GENETIC VARIATION 1. Meiosis ; random 2.

4 New combinations of alleles 3. advantage; increases 4. duplicated 5. Refer to Figure for visual answers. 6. Box 1: Each cell should contain one large duplicated chromosome and one small duplicated chromosome. One sister chromatid on each chromosome should appear to have undergone crossing over. Box 2: Each cell should contain one large chromosome and one small chromosome. The exact combination of chromosomes will depend on how the students divided the chromosomes. 7. Yes; a 8. Yes; c 9. No; b 1 0 . c r o s s i n g o v e r 1 1 . g e n e t i c l i n k a g e Name _____ Class _____Date _____ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have. VOCABULARY somatic cell autosome fertilization gamete sex chromosome diploid homologous chromosome sexual reproduction haploid Meiosis MAIN IDEA: You have body cells and gametes.

5 Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. The two major groups of cell types in the human body are called _____ and _____. 2. The gametes are located in the _____ organs. 3. The number of chromosomes in a typical human body cell is _____. MAIN IDEA: Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes. Fill in the Concept Map below to summarize what you know about chromosomes. 46 chromosomes in human body cells 4. half come from Holt McDougal Biology 1 Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis include include5. sex chromosomes6. include includeconsistof7. 8. 22 homologous pairs Name _____ Class _____Date _____ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Study Guide A continued Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 9. A person with two X chromosomes is female / male.

6 10. The X / Y chromosome carries the fewest number of genes. MAIN IDEA: Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 11. During fertilization, the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse / separate. 12. Germ / Somatic cells are haploid. 13. The haploid / diploid chromosome number in humans is 23. 14. Each human gamete has one autosome / sex chromosome. Read the descriptions in the table below and then decide which column should be labeled Mitosis and which column should be labeled Meiosis . 15. 16. Makes diploid cells. Makes haploid cells. Makes genetically identical cells. Makes genetically unique cells. Happens throughout an organism s at specific times in an organism s life. Involved in asexual reproduction. Involved in sexual reproduction. Vocabulary Check 17. Circle all of the following statements that are true for homologous chromosomes.

7 A. One is from the mother and one is from the father. b. They are a pair of chromosomes. c. They are fertilized gametes. d. They have the same genes, but they differ in length and appearance. e. They have the same genes, length, and overall McDougal Biology 2 Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis Name _____ Class _____Date _____ Section 2: Process of Meiosis Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT During Meiosis , diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that result in haploid cells. VOCABULARY gametogenesis egg sperm polar body MAIN IDEA: Cells go through two rounds of division in Meiosis . Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. After a chromosome is replicated, each half is called a sister chromatid / polar body. 2. Two chromosomes that are very similar and carry the same genes are called somatic / homologous chromosomes.

8 In the space below, sketch the phases of Meiosis I and II and write the name of each phase below it. Use Figure to help you. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology 3 Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A Section 2: Process of Meiosis Meiosis I 6. 4. 5. 3. Meiosis II 10. 7. 8. 9. Name _____ Class _____Date _____ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Study Guide A continued 11. In the diagram on the previous page, circle the phase in which homologous chromosomes separate, and put a box around the phase in which sister chromatids separate. MAIN IDEA: Haploid cells develop into mature gametes. 12. The sperm cell and the egg both contribute to an embryo. Place a check mark in the appropriate boxes below to indicate what each gamete contributes to the embryo. Sperm cell Egg DNA Organelles Molecular building blocks 13.

9 Where are polar bodies made, in the male or in the female? _____ 14. complete the diagram of gametogenesis in the boxes below. Use Figure to help you. Egg FormationSperm Formation Holt McDougal Biology 4 Meiosis and Mendel Study Guide A Section 2: Process of Meiosis Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 15. genesis comes from a Greek word that means to be born. Therefore, gametogenesis is the _____ of gametes. 16. Polar bodies are cells produced by _____ in the female body. They contain little more than DNA and are eventually _____. Name _____ Class _____Date _____ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Section 3: Mendel and Heredity Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Mendel s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. VOCABULARY trait purebred law of segregation genetics cross MAIN IDEA: Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics.

10 Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. Genetics is the Study of biological _____ patterns and variation in organisms. 2. A man named Gregor _____ did early work that is the basis for much of our current understanding of genetics. 3. Mendel s views on inheritance differed from the views of many scientists of his time. Mendel recognized that _____ are inherited as discrete units. MAIN IDEA: Mendel s data revealed patterns of inheritance. In designing his experiments, Mendel made three important choices that helped him see patterns of inheritance. The table below describes these choices and gives an example of how he put each choice into action. Match each choice with its example in the table. Mendel s Choices Example 4. Use of purebred plants a. He removed the stamens and fertilized the pistil with pollen from a pea plant of his choice.