Metaparadigm

1 MetaparadigmThe broad conceptualboundaries of the disciplineof nursing: Human beings,environment, health,and nursingPhilosophy sets forththe meaning of nursingphenomena through analysis,reasoning and logicalpresentation ofconcepts and Modelsare sets of conceptsthat address phenomenacentral to nursing inpropositions thatexplain the relationshipamong Theoryconcepts that derivefrom a conceptualmodel and proposea testable propositionthat tests the majorpremise of the Theory testable propositions from philosophies, conceptual models, grand theories, abstract nursing theories, or theories from other disciplines. Theories are less abstract than grand theory and less specific than middle-range Theory concepts most specific to practice that propose precise testablenursing practice questions andinclude details such as patientage group, family situation,health condition, locationof the patient, andaction of the Future ofNursing TheoryNursing theoreticalsystems give direction andcreate understandingin practice, research,administration,and TheoristsAND THEIR WORKThis page intentionally left blank9eMartha Raile Alligood, PhD, RN, ANEFP rofessor EmeritusCollege of NursingEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, north CarolinaNursing TheoristsAND THEIR WORKNURSING THEORISTS AND THEIR WORK, NINTH EDITION ISBN.

2 978-0-323-40224-8 Copyright 2018 by Elsevier Inc. All Rights editions copyrighted 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.

3 In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negli-gence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-40224-8 Printed in the United States of AmericaLast digit is the print number.

4 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Director, Traditional Education, Nursing Books: Kristin GeenContent Development Manager: Billie Sharp, Lisa NewtonAssociate Content Development Specialist: Samantha DaltonPublishing Services Manager: Julie EddyProject Manager: Mike SheetsDesign Direction: Brian Salisbury3251 Riverport LaneSt. Louis, Missouri 63043 Dedicated to the memory of my parents:George Fredrick Raile and Winifred Havener Raile, RNThey met one snowy night (he was her patient)At Good Samaritan HospitalZanesville, OhioviHerdis Alvsv g, RN, Cand PolitProfessorVID Specialized UniversityOslo, NorwayMary T. Antonelli, PhD(c), RNPhD CandidateBoston CollegeChestnut Hill, MassachusettsDonald E. Bailey, Jr., PhD, RN, FAANA ssociate ProfessorSchool of NursingDuke UniversityDurham, north CarolinaBarbara E.

5 Banfield, PhD, RNAssociate ProfessorMadonna UniversityLivonia, MichiganVioleta A. Berbiglia, EdD, MSNA ssociate Professor, RetiredSchool of NursingThe university of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TexasDebra A. Bournes, RN, PhDChief Nursing Executive and Vice President Clinical ProgramsThe Ottawa HospitalOttawa, CanadaNancy Brookes, PhD, RN, MSc(A)Nurse ScholarAdjunct ProfessorUniversity of Ottawa Faculty of Health Sciences NursingOttawa, CanadaKaren A. Brykczynski, PhD, RN, FNP, FAANP rofessor, RetiredSchool of Nursing at GalvestonThe university of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TexasSandra Schmidt Bunkers, PhD, RN, FAANA djunct Professor of NursingSouth dakota State UniversityBrookings, South DakotaSherrilyn Coffman, PhD, RN, COIP rofessorSchool of NursingNevada State CollegeHenderson, NevadaTh r se Dowd, PhD, RNAssociate Professor EmeritusCollege of NursingUniversity of AkronAkron, OhioMargaret E.

6 Erickson, PhD, RN, CNS, APHN-BCCEOA merican Holistic Nurses Credentialing CorporationCedar Park, TexasMary Gunther, PhD, RNAssociate DeanAcademic AffairsUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TennesseeDana M. Hansen, PhD, APRN, ACHPNA ssistant ProfessorCollege of NursingKent State UniversityKent, OhioSonya R. Hardin, PhD, RN, CCRN, NP-CProfessorCollege of NursingEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, north CarolinaRobin Harris, PhD, ANP-BC, ACNS-BCClinical Assistant ProfessorCollege of NursingUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TennesseeBonnie Holaday, PhD, RN, FAANP rofessor EmeritaSchool of NursingClemson UniversityClemson, South CarolinaEun-Ok Im, PhD, MPH, RN, CNS, FAANP rofessor & Mary T. Champagne ProfessorSchool of NursingDuke UniversityDurham, north CarolinaDorothy Jones, EdD, MSN, BSNS enior Nurse ScientistMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, MassachusettsProfessorBoston CollegeChestnut Hill, MassachusettsLisa Kitko, PhD, RN, FAHAA ssistant ProfessorCollege of NursingThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PennsylvaniaTheresa Gunter Lawson, PhD, APRN, FNP-BC, CNEV isiting ProfessorChamberlain College of NursingFamily Nurse PractitionerNeuman Systems Model Trustees GroupAnderson Free ClinicAnderson, South CarolinaCONTRIBUTORSviiCONTRIBUTORSM arguerite J.

7 Purnell, PhD, RN, AHN-BCProfessor EmeritusChristine E. Lynn College of NursingFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, FloridaPamela G. Reed, PhD, MSN, MA, FAANP rofessorCollege of NursingThe university of ArizonaTucson, ArizonaTeresa J. Sakraida, PhD, RNAssociate ProfessorChristine E. Lynn College of NursingFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, FloridaAnn M. Schreier, PhD, RNAssociate ProfessorCollege of NursingEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, north CarolinaCarrie Scotto, PhD, RNAssociate ProfessorCollege of NursingUniversity of AkronAkron, OhioChristina Leibold Sieloff, PhD, RNAssociate ProfessorCollege of NursingMontana State UniversityBozeman, MontanaCynthia K. Snyder, MSN, RNDoctoral StudentThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PennsylvaniaJanet L.

8 Stewart, PhD, RNDeanFaculty of the Health SciencesKibogora Polytechnic InstituteKirambo, Rwanda, AfricaPatricia R. Messmer, PhD, MA, MSN, FAANC onsultant for Nursing Research & EducationBenjam n Le n School of NursingMiami Dade CollegeMiami, FloridaGail J. Mitchell, RN, PhDProfessorSchool of NursingYork UniversityToronto, CanadaJulie L. Murphy, MSN, RNDoctoral CandidateCollege of NursingThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PennsylvaniaLisbet Lindholm Nystr m, PhD, RNAssociate Professor, RetiredDepartment of Caring Science bo Academy UniversityVasa, FinlandJanice Penrod, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAANP rofessorCollege of NursingThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PennsylvaniaSusan A. Pfettscher, PhD, RNClinical NursePD ProgramDaVitaTempleton, CaliforniaKenneth D.

9 Phillips, PhD, RNProfessor and Associate Dean for ResearchCollege of NursingEast Tennessee State UniversityJohnson City, TennesseeMarie E. Pokorny, PhD, RNProfessor Emerita of NursingCollege of NursingEast Carolina UniversityGreenville, north CarolinaDanielle Leone-Sheehan, MSN, RNPhD CandidateConnell School of NursingBoston CollegeChestnut Hill, MassachusettsUnni . Lindstr m, PhD, RNProfessor EmeritaDepartment of Caring Science bo Academy UniversityVasa, FinlandM. Katherine Maeve, PhD, RNAdjunct FacultyAugusta UniversityAugusta, GeorgiaMental Health Outpatient Case ManagerCharlie Norwood Veterans Medical CenterAugusta, GeorgiaMarilyn R. McFarland, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CTN-AProfessor of Nursing and Family Nurse Practitioner, Advanced Certified Transcultural Nurse, AuthorDepartment of NursingUniversity of Michigan FlintFlint, MichiganGwen McGhan, PhD, RNAssistant ProfessorSchool of NursingUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AlabamaLinda C.

10 Mefford, PhD, APRN, NNP-BC, RNC-NICA ssociate ProfessorBellarmine UniversityLouisville, KentuckyMolly Meighan, PhD, RNC-eProfessor EmeritaDivision of NursingCarson-Newman UniversityJefferson City, TennesseeviiiCONTRIBUTORSJoan E. Zetterlund, PhD, RNProfessor EmeritaSchool of NursingNorth Park UniversityChicago, IllinoisDanuta M. Wojnar, PhD, RN, FAANP rofessor & Associate DeanUndergraduate EducationCollege of NursingSeattle UniversitySeattle, WashingtonDanny G. Willis, DNS, RN, PMHCNS-BCAssociate Professor & Department ChairConnell School of NursingBoston CollegeChestnut Hill, MassachusettsJane C. Wilson, MSN, RNAssistant Professor of NursingPalm Beach Atlantic UniversityWest Palm Beach, FloridaixKaren E. Alexander, PhD, RN, CNORP rogram Director and Assistant Professor RN-BSNU niversity of Houston - Clear Lake Houston, TexasChengChing Hiya Liu, RN, PhD, MBAA ssistant ProfessorCollege of NursingMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MichiganRonda Mintz-Binder, DNP, RN, CNEC linical Associate ProfessorCollege of Nursing Health InnovationUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, TexasKaren Pennington, PhD, RNDirector RN-BSN and MS Leadership ProgramsLoretto Heights School of NursingRegis UniversityDenver, ColoradoLynda F.