METHODS OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

1 METHODS OF CRITICALDISCOURSE ANALYSISINTRODUCING QUALITATIVE METHODS provides a series of volumes whichintroduce qualitative research to the student and beginning researcher. Theapproach is interdisciplinary and international. A distinctive feature of thesevolumes is the helpful student stream of the series provides texts on the key methodologies used inqualitative research. The other stream contains books on qualitative research fordifferent disciplines or occupations. Both streams cover the basic literature in aclear and accessible style, but also cover the `cutting edge' issues in the EDITORD avid Silverman (Goldsmiths College)EDITORIAL BOARDM ichael Bloor (University of Wales, Cardiff )Barbara Czarniawska-Joerges (University of Gothenburg)Norman Denzin (University of Illinois, Champaign)Barry Glassner (University of Southern California)Jaber Gubrium (University of Florida, Gainesville)Anne Murcott (South Bank University)Jonathan Potter (Loughborough University)TITLES IN SERIESD oing Conversational ANALYSIS : A Practical GuidePaul ten HaveUsing Foucault's MethodsGavin Kendall and Gary WickhamThe Quality of Qualitative EvaluationClive SealeQualitative EvaluationIan ShawResearching Life Stories and Family HistoriesRobert L.

2 MillerCategories in Text and Talk: A Practical Introductionto Categorization AnalysisGeorgia LepperFocus Groups in Social ResearchMichael Bloor, Jane Frankland, Michelle Thomas, Kate RobsonQualitative Research Through Case StudiesMax TraversQualitative Social Work ResearchIan Shaw and Nick GouldMethods of CRITICAL DISCOURSE AnalysisRuth Wodak and Michael MeyerMETHODS OF CRITICALDISCOURSE ANALYSISE dited byRuth Wodak and Michael MeyerSAGE PublicationsLondon Thousand Oaks New Delhi For editorial arrangement and Chapters 1, 2 and 4 Ruth Wodak andMichael Meyer 2001 Chapter 3 Siegfried Ja ger 2001 Chapter 5 Teun van Dijk 2001 Chapter 6 Norman Fairclough 2001 Chapter 7 Ron Scollon 2001 First published 2001 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or privatestudy, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.

3 This publication may be reproduced,stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the priorpermission in writing of the publishers or, in the case of reprographicreproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by theCopyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproductionoutside those terms should be sent to the Publications Ltd6 Bonhill StreetLondon EC2A 4 PUSAGE Publications Teller RoadThousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd32, M-Block MarketGreater Kailash INew Delhi 110 048 British Library Cataloguing in Publication dataA catalogue record for this book is availablefrom the British LibraryISBN 0 7619 6153 4 ISBN 0 7619 6154 2 (pbk)Library of Congress Control Number 2001 131812 Typeset by Mayhew Typesetting, Rhayader, PowysPrinted in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd., Guildford, SurreyContentsAcknowledgementsviList of contributorsvii1 What CDA is about a summary of its history, importantconcepts and its developments1 Ruth Wodak2 Between theory, method, and politics: positioning of theapproaches to CDA14 Michael Meyer3 DISCOURSE and knowledge: theoretical and methodologicalaspects of a CRITICAL DISCOURSE and dispositive analysis32 Siegfried Ja ger4 The DISCOURSE historical approach63 Ruth Wodak5 Multidisciplinary CDA: a plea for diversity95 Teun A.

4 Van Dijk6 CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS as a method in social scienti cresearch121 Norman Fairclough7 Action and text: towards an integrated understanding ofthe place of text in social (inter)action, mediated discourseanalysis and the problem of social action139 Ron ScollonReferences184 Index196 AcknowledgementsThis book could not have been written without the help of many wish to express our gratitude to them particular, we appreciate the discussion and work with the studentparticipants at our seminar on CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (CDA) whichwe organized at the Department of Linguistics of the University ofVienna in the summer of 1999. This panel provided an important stimu-lus for our plan to publish a book on appreciate the collaboration with the authors of the contributionsto this book: Siegfried Ja ger, Teun van Dijk, Norman Fairclough and RonScollon.

5 Not only did they write interesting papers, but they submittedthem (almost) on schedule, and accepted our criticism and commentswith understanding and Jenner has been indispensable in helping to mould our badlystructured non-native English in an acceptable form. Michael Carmichaeland Lauren McAllister at Sage were very supportive editors who con-tributed positively to the nal Faircloughis Professor of Language in Social Life at LancasterUniversity in the UK. He has written extensively on CRITICAL discourseanalysis. His main publications include:Language and Power(1989), DISCOURSE and Social Change(1992),Media DISCOURSE (1995), CRITICAL DiscourseAnalysis(1995), DISCOURSE in Late Modernity(1999) (with Lilie Chouliaraki)andNew Labour, New Language?(2000). He is currently working on lan-guage in new capitalism, an introduction to text and interaction analysisfor social researchers, and on the theorization of DISCOURSE within Ja geris Professor of German Language at the GerhardMercator University in Duisburg, Germany.

6 He is also head of the Insti-tute of Language and Social Research (DISS), a member of the board ofthe International Association for the Study of Racism (IASR), and a co-editor ofDiscourse and Society. His main publications are:BrandSa im Alltag, fourth edn, Duisburg 1996,Kritische Einfu hrung, second edn, Duisburg 1999. His main areas of researchare speech act theory, sociolinguistics, DISCOURSE theory and discourseanalysis. His research is focused on right-wing extremism, racism,militarism and Meyeris an Assistant Professor at the Department of Manage-ment and Organizational Behaviour at the Vienna University of Econ-omics and Business Administration. His main areas of research aresocial systems theory, qualitative METHODS , and organization theory. Hisrecent research concentrates upon careers and social capital in andbetween organizations.

7 His main publications are: METHODS of Texts andDiscourse ANALYSIS (with Stefan Titscher, Ruth Wodak and Eva Vetter,London: Sage 2000),Text und Gegentext(with Stefan Titscher,SozialeSysteme2 1998).Ron Scollonis Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Linguistics,Georgetown University in Washington, DC and editor of the journalVisual Communication. His interests include mediated DISCOURSE ,multimodal DISCOURSE , the sociolinguistics of literacy, and the relation-ships among technologies of communication and sociolinguistic two most recent books areMediated DISCOURSE : The Nexus of PracticeandIntercultural Communication: A DISCOURSE Approach(2nd edn) (withSuzanne Scollon).Teun A. van Dijkis Professor of DISCOURSE Studies at the University ofAmsterdam, and Visiting Professor at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra,Barcelona.

8 After earlier work in literary studies, text grammar and thepsychology of text comprehension, his research in the 1980s focused onthe study of news in the press and the reproduction of racism throughvarious types of DISCOURSE . In each of these domains, he has publishedseveral books. His present research in CRITICAL DISCOURSE studies focuseson the relations between power, DISCOURSE and ideology. His latest bookisIdeology(Sage, 1998). He founded the international journalsTEXT, DISCOURSE and SocietyandDiscourse Studies, and still edits the latter is editor of the four volumeHandbook of DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (1985) andof the new two volumeDiscourse Studies. A Multidisciplinary Introduction(Sage, 1997). He has lectured widely in Europe and the Americas, andwas visiting professor at several universities in Latin Wodakis Professor of Applied Linguistics and DISCOURSE Analysisat the Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna and also ResearchProfessor and Director of the Research Centre on DISCOURSE , Politics,Identity at the Austrian Academy of Sciences ( ).

9 She has received many awards including 1996 Wittgen-stein Prize for Elite Researchers. She also holds many visiting professor-ships (Stanford, Minnesota, Georgetown, Uppsala). She is editor ofLanguage and Politics, co-editor ofDiscourse and Society, editor of the seriesDiskursforschung(Passagenverlag),S prache und Kontext(Lang Verlag), DISCOURSE in Politics, Culture and Society(Benjamins). Her areas of researchinclude DISCOURSE and politics, methodology in CDA, racism and anti-Semitism, gender, organizational DISCOURSE . Recent publications includeRacism at the Top, 2000 (with Teun van Dijk),Discursive Construction ofNational Identity, 1999 (with Rudi de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, KarinLiebhart),Disorders of DISCOURSE , 1996,Discourses on Unemployment in theEuropean Union, 2000 (with Peter Muntigl and Gilbert Weiss),Discourseand Discrimination, 2001 (with Martin Reisigl),Gender and DISCOURSE , OF CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS1 What CDA is about a summary of its history,important concepts and its developments1 Ruth WodakCONTENTSP reliminary remarks1To begin with.

10 A small story about the formation of a`scienti c peer group'4 The history of CRITICAL linguistics and CRITICAL DISCOURSE analysis5 The notions of ` CRITICAL ', `ideology' and `power'9 Open questions and perspectives12 Beyond description or super cial application, CRITICAL science in each domainasks further questions, such as those of responsibility, interests, and of focusing on purely academic or theoretical problems, it starts fromprevailing social problems, and thereby chooses the perspective of those whosuffer most, and critically analyses those in power, those who are responsible,and those who have the means and the opportunity to solve such problems.(van Dijk, 1986: 4)To draw consequences for political action from CRITICAL theory is the aspirationof those who have serious intentions, and yet there is no general prescriptionunless it is the necessity for insight into one's own responsibility.