MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2019

1 MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2019 SiliconSilverSoda AshStoneStrontiumSulfurTalcTantalumTellu riumThalliumThoriumTinTitaniumTungstenVa nadiumVermiculiteWollastoniteYttriumZeol itesZincZirconiumMercuryMicaMolybdenumNi ckelNiobiumNitrogenPalladiumPeatPerliteP hosphate RockPlatinumPotashPumiceQuartz CrystalRare EarthsRheniumRubidiumSaltSand and GravelScandiumSeleniumFluorsparGalliumGa rnetGemstonesGermaniumGoldGraphiteGypsum HafniumHeliumIndiumIodineIron and SteelIron OreIron Oxide PigmentsKyaniteLeadLimeLithiumMagnesiumM anganeseAbrasivesAluminumAntimonyArsenic AsbestosBariteBauxiteBerylliumBismuthBor onBromineCadmiumCementCesiumChromiumClay sCobaltCopperDiamondDiatomiteFeldspar Cover: A solar evaporation pond at Albemarle Corp.

2 S lithium production site in Silver Peak, Nevada. Lithium compounds are used to manufacture many products. Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide are needed for lithium-ion-batteries in mobile devices such as smartphones, tablet computers, and laptops, or in electric or hybrid vehicles. Butyllithium is needed for the production of synthetic rubber for tires. Lithium organics are versatile tools for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, or flavors and fragrances. The glass industry requires lithium carbonate or spodumene to improve the properties of glass. Lithium bromide is used in industrial absorption refrigeration systems that are installed in large buildings and industrial plants for air-conditioning or process cooling.

3 (Photograph courtesy of Albemarle Corp., copyright 2016 Albemarle Corp.) Department of the interior Geological Survey MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2019 Abrasives Fluorspar Mercury Silicon Aluminum Gallium Mica Silver Antimony Garnet Molybdenum Soda Ash Arsenic Gemstones Nickel Stone Asbestos Germanium Niobium Strontium Barite Gold Nitrogen Sulfur Bauxite Graphite Palladium Talc Beryllium Gypsum Peat Tantalum Bismuth Hafnium Perlite Tellurium Boron Helium Phosphate Rock Thallium Bromine Indium Platinum Thorium Cadmium Iodine Potash Tin Cement Iron and Steel Pumice Titanium Cesium Iron Ore Quartz Crystal Tungsten Chromium Iron Oxide Pigments Rare Earths Vanadium Clays Kyanite Rhenium Vermiculite Cobalt Lead Rubidium Wollastonite Copper Lime Salt Yttrium Diamond Lithium Sand and Gravel Zeolites

4 Diatomite Magnesium Scandium Zinc Feldspar Manganese Selenium Zirconium Department of the interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Acting Secretary Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 Manuscript approved for publication February 28, more information on the USGS the Federal source for science about the earth , its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment visit https: or call 1 888 ASK USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https:// For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Publishing Office Mail: Stop IDCC; Washington, DC 20402 000 1 Phone: (866) 512 1800 (toll-free); (202) 512 1800 (Washington, DC area) Fax: (202) 512 2104 Internet: Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the Government.

5 Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: Geological Survey, 2019, MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2019: Geological Survey, 200 p., ISBN 978-1-4113-4283-5 1 CONTENTS Page Page General: Introduction .. 3 Growth Rates of Leading and Coincident Indexes for MINERAL Products .. 4 The Role of Nonfuel Minerals in the Economy .. 5 2018 Net Import Reliance for Selected Nonfuel MINERAL Materials .. 6 Significant Events, Trends, and Issues .. 7 Appendix A Abbreviations and Units of Measure .. 194 Appendix B Definitions of Selected Terms Used in This Report .. 194 Appendix C Reserves and Resources.

6 195 Appendix D Country Specialists Directory .. 199 MINERAL Commodities: Abrasives (Manufactured) .. 18 Aluminum .. 20 Antimony .. 22 Arsenic .. 24 Asbestos .. 26 Barite .. 28 Bauxite and Alumina .. 30 Beryllium .. 32 Bismuth .. 34 Boron .. 36 Bromine .. 38 Cadmium .. 40 42 Cesium .. 44 46 Clays .. 48 Cobalt .. 50 Copper .. 52 Diamond (Industrial) .. 54 Diatomite .. 56 Feldspar and Nepheline Syenite .. 58 Fluorspar .. 60 Gallium .. 62 Garnet (Industrial) .. 64 Gemstones .. 66 Germanium .. 68 Gold .. 70 Graphite (Natural) .. 72 Gypsum .. 74 Helium .. 76 Indium .. 78 Iodine .. 80 Iron and Steel .. 82 Iron and Steel Scrap .. 84 Iron and Steel Slag .. 86 Iron Ore .. 88 Iron Oxide Pigments .. 90 Kyanite and Related Minerals .. 92 Lead.

7 94 Lime .. 96 98 Magnesium Compounds .. 100 Magnesium Metal .. 102 Manganese .. 104 Mercury .. 106 Mica (Natural) .. 108 Molybdenum .. 110 Nickel .. 112 Niobium (Columbium) .. 114 Nitrogen (Fixed) Ammonia .. 116 Peat .. 118 Perlite .. 120 Phosphate Rock .. 122 Platinum-Group Metals .. 124 Potash .. 126 Pumice and Pumicite .. 128 Quartz Crystal (Industrial) .. 130 Rare Earths .. 132 Rhenium .. 134 Rubidium .. 136 Salt .. 138 Sand and Gravel (Construction) .. 140 Sand and Gravel (Industrial) .. 142 Scandium .. 144 Selenium .. 146 Silicon .. 148 Silver .. 150 Soda Ash .. 152 Stone (Crushed) .. 154 Stone (Dimension) .. 156 Strontium .. 158 Sulfur .. 160 Talc and Pyrophyllite .. 162 Tantalum .. 164 Tellurium .. 166 Thallium .. 168 Thorium.

8 170 Tin .. 172 Titanium and Titanium Dioxide .. 174 Titanium MINERAL Concentrates .. 176 Tungsten .. 178 Vanadium .. 180 Vermiculite .. 182 Wollastonite .. 184 Yttrium .. 186 Zeolites (Natural) .. 188 Zinc .. 190 Zirconium and Hafnium .. 192 2 INSTANT INFORMATION Information about the Geological Survey, its programs, staff, and products is available from the internet at or by calling (888) ASK USGS [(888) 275 8747]. This publication has been prepared by the National Minerals Information Center. Information about the Center and its products is available from the internet at or by writing to Director, National Minerals Information Center, 988 National Center, Reston, VA 20192. KEY PUBLICATIONS Minerals Yearbook These annual publications review the MINERAL industries of the United States and of more than 180 other countries.

9 They contain statistical data on minerals and materials and include information on economic and technical trends and developments and are available at The three volumes that make up the Minerals Yearbook are Volume I, Metals and Minerals; Volume II, Area Reports, Domestic; and Volume III, Area Reports, International. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES Published on an annual basis, this report is the earliest Government publication to furnish estimates covering nonfuel MINERAL industry data and is available at Data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, and 5-year salient statistics for more than 90 individual minerals and materials. MINERAL Industry Surveys These periodic statistical and economic reports are designed to provide timely statistical data on production, shipments, stocks, and consumption of significant MINERAL commodities and are available at The surveys are issued monthly, quarterly, or at other regular intervals.

10 Metal Industry Indicators This monthly publication analyzes and forecasts the economic health of three metal industries (primary metals, steel, and copper) using leading and coincident indexes and is available at Nonmetallic MINERAL Products Industry Indexes This monthly publication analyzes the leading and coincident indexes for the nonmetallic MINERAL products industry (NAICS 327) and is available at Materials Flow Studies These publications describe the flow of minerals and materials from extraction to ultimate disposition to help better understand the economy, manage the use of natural resources, and protect the environment and are available at Recycling Reports These studies illustrate the recycling of metal commodities and identify recycling trends and are available at Historical Statistics for MINERAL and Material Commodities in the United States (Data Series 140)