Mode of Action Classification

1 Insecticide Resistance ManagementMode of Action Classification2ndEditionThe Insecticide Resistance Action CommitteeMode of Action Classification BrochureSecond Edition -September 201012 ForewordEffectiveinsecticideresistancema nagement(IRM)inconjunctionwithintegrated pestmanagement(IPM)isvitaltoglobalcroppr otection,sustainableagricultureandimprov edpublichealth, (IRAC) ,andrespondingtolocalresistanceissues,as wellastheparentIRACI nternationalgroupthatprovidesacoordinati ngandsupportingroleatthegloballevel( ).Developingnewinsecticidesisbecominginc reasinglydifficultandcostly, ,withfewernewinsecticidesbeingdiscovered andregulatorypressuresreducingthenumbero foldercommercialchemistriesavailable,the toolbox ofusableinsecticidesisbeingreduced, of Action Classification IRAC promotestheuseofaModeofAction(MoA) ,theIRACMoAclassificationlistprovidesfar mers,growers,advisors,extensionstaff, ,inthefollowingpages,followedbyabreakdow nofMoAsavailableforlepidopteran,aphids,w hitefly,hoppers, ,pleaserefertothefullIRACMoAClassificati onschemeavailablefromtheIRAC website( ).

2 What is Resistance?Resistancetoinsecticidesmaybe definedas aheritablechangeinthesensitivityofapestp opulationthatisreflectedintherepeatedfai lureofaproducttoachievetheexpectedlevelo fcontrolwhenusedaccordingtothelabelrecom mendationforthatpestspecies (IRAC).Resistancearisesthroughtheover-us eormisuseofaninsecticideoracaricideagain stapestspecies, wMoA zMoA wMoA xMoA yMoA xEffective IRM strategies: Sequences or alternations of MoAAlleffectiveinsecticideresistancemana gement(IRM) ,alternations, , , ;wherethisisknowntooccur, , of insecticides through the season51 Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitorsNerve actionSee footnotes forfurther informationon use of compoundsbetween CarbamatesAlanycarb,Aldicarb,Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb,Butocarboxim,Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl,Carbofuran,Carbosulfan,Ethiofen carb,Fenobucarb,Formetanate,Furathiocarb ,Isoprocarb,Methiocarb,Methomyl,Metolcar b,Oxamyl,Pirimicarb,Propoxur,Thiodicarb, Thiofanox,Triazamate,Trimethacarb,XMC,Xy lylcarb1B OrganophosphatesAcephate,Azamethiphos,Az inphos-ethyl,Azinphos-methyl,Cadusafos,C hlorethoxyfos,Chlorfenvinphos,Chlormepho s,Chlorpyrifos,Chlorpyrifos-methyl,Couma phos,Cyanophos,Demeton-S-methyl,Diazinon ,Dichlorvos/DDVP,Dicrotophos,Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos,Disulfoton,EPN,Ethion,Et hoprophos,Famphur,Fenamiphos,Fenitrothio n,Fenthion,Fosthiazate,Heptenophos,Imicy afos,Isofenphos,IsopropylO-(methoxyamino thio-phosphoryl)

3 Salicylate,Isoxathion,Malathion,Mecarbam ,Methamidophos,Methidathion,Mevinphos,Mo nocrotophos,Naled,Omethoate,Oxydemeton-m ethyl,Parathion,Parathion-methyl,Phentho ate,Phorate,Phosalone,Phosmet,Phosphamid on,Phoxim,Pirimiphos-methyl,Profenofos,P ropetamphos,Prothiofos,Pyraclofos,Pyrida phenthion,Quinalphos,Sulfotep,Tebupirimf os,Temephos,Terbufos,Tetrachlorvinphos,T hiometon,Triazophos,Trichlorfon,Vamidoth ion2 GABA-gated chloride channel antagonistsNerve action2A CyclodieneorganochlorinesChlordane, Endosulfan2B Phenylpyrazoles(Fiproles)Ethiprole, FipronilMain Group/Primary Site of ActionChemical Subgroup orExemplifying activeActive IngredientsIRAC Mode of Action Classification Scheme (Version )63 Sodium channelmodulatorsNerve actionSee footnotes forfurther informationon use of compoundsbetween PyrethroidsPyrethrinsAcrinathrin,Allethr in,d-cis-transAllethrin,d-transAllethrin ,Bifenthrin,Bioallethrin,BioallethrinS-c ylclopentenyl,Bioresmethrin,Cycloprothri n,Cyfluthrin,beta-Cyfluthrin,Cyhalothrin ,lambda-Cyhalothrin,gamma-Cyhalothrin,Cy permethrin,alpha-Cypermethrin,beta-Cyper methrin,theta-cypermethrin,zeta-Cypermet hrin,Cyphenothrin[(1R)-trans-isomers],De ltamethrin,Empenthrin,[(EZ)-(1R)-isomers ],Esfenvalerate,Etofenprox,Fenpropathrin ,Fenvalerate,Flucythrinate,Flumethrin,ta u-Fluvalinate,Halfenprox,Imiprothrin,Kad ethrin,Permethrin,Phenothrin[(1R)-trans- isomer],Prallethrin,Pyrethrins(pyrethrum ),Resmethrin,Silafluofen,Tefluthrin,Tetr amethrin,Tetramethrin[(1R)-isomers],Tral omethrin,Transfluthrin3B DDTM ethoxychlorDDTM ethoxychlor4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)

4 Agonists Nerve action4 ANeonicotinoidsAcetamiprid,Clothianidin, Dinotefuran,Imidacloprid,Nitenpyram,Thia cloprid,Thiamethoxam4B NicotineNicotine5 Nicotinic acetyl-choline receptor (nAChR) allosteric activatorsNerve actionSpinosynsSpinetoram, Spinosad6 Chloride channelactivatorsNerve and muscle actionAvermectins, MilbemycinsAbamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin77 Juvenile hormonemimicsGrowth regulation7A Juvenile hormoneanaloguesHydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene7B FenoxycarbFenoxycarb7C PyriproxyfenPyriproxyfen8 Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors8A Alkyl halidesMethyl bromide and other alkyl halides8B ChloropicrinChloropicrin8C Sulfuryl fluorideSulfuryl fluoride8D Borax Borax 8E Tartar emeticTartar emetic9 Selective homopteranfeeding blockersNerve action9B PymetrozinePymetrozine9C FlonicamidFlonicamid10 Mite growthinhibitorsGrowth regulation10A ClofentezineHexythiazoxDiflovidazinSee footnotes for further sub-grouping information Clofentezine, Hexythiazox,Diflovidazin10B EtoxazoleEtoxazoleActive IngredientsMain Group/Primary Site of ActionChemical Subgroup orExemplifying active811 Microbial disruptorsof insect midgut membranesBacillus thuringiensisorBacillus sphaericusand the insecticidal proteins they produceBacillus thuringiensis sphaericusBacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis subsp.

5 KurstakiBacillus thuringiensis subsp. TenebrionisBt crop proteins: Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab112 Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthaseEnergy metabolism12A Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron12B Organotin miticidesAzocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide12C PropargitePropargite12D TetradifonTetradifon13 Uncouplers of oxidative phosph-orylation via dis-ruption of theproton gradientEnergy metabolismChlorfenapyrDNOCS ulfluramidChlorfenapyrDNOCS ulfluramid14 Nicotinic acetyl-choline receptor (nAChR) channel blockers Nerve actionNereistoxin analoguesBensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium15 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 Growth regulationBenzoylureasBistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron916 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 Growth regulationBuprofezinBuprofezin17 Moulting disruptor,DipteranGrowth regulationCyromazineCyromazine18 Ecdysonereceptor agonists Growth regulationDiacylhydrazinesChromafenozide , Halofenozide, Methoxyfenozide.

6 Tebufenozide19 Octopamine receptor agonistsNerve actionAmitrazAmitraz20 mitochondrial complex III electrontransport inhibitors Energy metabolism20A HydramethylnonHydramethylnon20B AcequinocylAcequinocyl 20C FluacrypyrimFluacrypyrim21 Mitochondrialcomplex I electron transport inhibitorsEnergy metabolism21A METI acaricides and insecticidesFenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyrimidifen, Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad21B RotenoneRotenone (Derris)Active IngredientsMain Group/Primary Site of ActionChemical Subgroup orExemplifying active1022 Voltage-dependentsodium channel blockersNerve actionSee footnotes for further information on sub-grouping22A IndoxacarbIndoxacarb22B MetaflumizoneMetaflumizone23 Inhibitors of acetylCoA synthesis, growth regulationTetronic and Tetramic acid derivativesSpirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramat24 Mitochondrialcomplex IV electron transport inhibitorsEnergy metabolism24A PhosphineAluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Phosphine, Zinc phosphide24B CyanideCyanide25 Mitochondrialcomplex II electron transport inhibitorsEnergy metabolismCyenopyrafenCyenopyrafen28 Ryanodine receptor modulatorsNerve and muscleactionDiamidesChlorantraniliprole.

7 Flubendiamide 11 UNCompounds of unknown or uncertain mode ofactionAzadirachtinAzadirachtinBenzoxim ateBenzoximateBifenazateBifenazateBromop ropylateBromopropylateChinomethionatChin omethionatCryoliteCryoliteCyflumetofenCy flumetofenDicofolDicofolPyridalylPyridal ylSulfuramidSulfuramidMain Group/Primary Site of ActionChemical Subgroup orExemplifying activeActive IngredientsNotes to be read in association with the Classification :Sub- , , , ,resistancemechanisms,andonthepest, to be read in association with the Classification :Sub-group Notes1A&1 BIftherearenootheralternatives, ,compoundsfromgroups3 Aand3 Bmayberotatedinsituationswherecross-resi stancemechanisms( ,kdr) ,thisisonlyapplicableforthecontrolofhuma ndiseasevectorssuchasmosquitoes, , ,theyhavebeensub-groupedbecausetheyarech emicallydistinct, : Modeofactionassignmentswillusuallyinvolv eidentificationofthetargetproteinrespons ibleforthebiologicaleffect,althoughgroup ingscanbemadewherecompoundssharedistinct ivephysiologicaleffectsandhaverelatedche micalstructures.

8 Acompoundwithanunknownorcontroversialmod eofactionoranunknownmodeoftoxicitywillbe heldincategory un untilevidencebecomesavailabletoenabletha tcompoundtobeassignedtoamoreappropriatem odeofactionclass. Inclusionofacompoundinthelistabovedoesno tnecessarilysignifyregulatoryapproval Thisleaflethasbeenpreparedusingthemostup -to-dateinformationavailabletoIRAC( ).Itisprovidedtousergroups,growerorganis ations,extensionpersonnel,regulatoryauth oritiessuchastheUSEPA andallthoseinvolvedinresistancemanagemen t,asanagreeddefinitivestatementbytheagro chemicalindustryonthemodeofactionofinsec ticidescurrentlyinuse. TargetsNerve and Muscle TargetsRespiration TargetsMidgut TargetsGrowth and Development TargetsNerve & Muscle Targets1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors1A Carbamates, 1B Organophosphates2. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists2A Cyclodiene Organochlorines2B Phenylpyrazoles3. Sodium channel modulators3A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists 4A Neonicotinoids5.

9 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR) allosteric activators5 Spinosyns6. Chloride channel activators6 Avermectins, Milbemycins14. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers 14 Nereistoxin analogues22. Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers22A Indoxacarb, 22B Metaflumizone28. Ryanodine receptor modulators28 DiamidesRespiration Targets13. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphoryl-ation via disruption of the proton gradient13 Chlorfenapyr21. mitochondrial complex I electrontransport inhibitors21A TolfenpyradMidgut Targets11. Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes11 Bacillus thuringiensis,Bacillus sphaericusGrowth & Development Targets7. Juvenile hormone mimics7B Juvenile hormone analogues15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, Type 015 Benzoylureas18. Ecdysone receptor agonists18 Diacylhydrazines LepidopteraMode of Action Classificationby Target SiteUnknown or uncertain MoAAzadirachtin,Pyridalyl14 Nerve and Muscle Targets1.

10 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors1A Carbamates, 1B Organophosphates2. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists2A Cyclodiene Organochlorines2B Phenylpyrazoles3. Sodium channel modulators3A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR) agonists 4A Neonicotinoids9. Selective homopteran feeding blockers9B Pymetrozine 9C Flonicamid22. Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers22A IndoxacarbRespiration Targets12. Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase12A Diafenthiuron21. mitochondrial complex I electrontransport inhibitors21A Tolfenpyrad, PyridabenGrowth and Development Targets7. Juvenile hormone mimics7C Pyriproxyfen15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis,Type 015 Benzoylureas16. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis,Type 116 Buprofezin23. Inhibitors of lipid synthesis23 Tetronic & Tetramic acid derivativesAphids, Whiteflies & HoppersMode of ActionClassification by Target SiteThetableaboveliststhemainmodeofactio ngroupsforthecontrolofaphids, , GroupAphidsWhitefliesHoppers1 AXXX1 BXXX2 AXXX2BX3 AXXX4 AXXX7CX9 BXXX9 CXXX12 AXX15X16XX21AX22AX23 XXRespiration Targets12.