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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND APPLIED GENETICS

FOR Medical Laboratory Technology Students Mohammed Awole Adem Upgraded Lecture Note Series Jimma University MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND APPLIED GENETICS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND APPLIED GENETICS For Medical Laboratory Technician Students Lecture Note Series Mohammed Awole Adem Upgraded - 2006 In collaboration with The Carter Center (EPHTI) and The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health Jimma University iPREFACE The problem faced today in the learning and teaching of APPLIED GENETICS and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY for laboratory technologists in universities, colleges andhealth institutions primarily from the unavailability of textbooks that focus on the needs of Ethiopian students.

crystallography which subsequently lead to unrevealing the double helical structure of DNA by Watson and Crick 1960s- Smith demonstrate that the DNA can be cleaved ... 1977- DNA sequencing methodology discovered 1981-Genetic diagnosis of sickle cell disease was first shown to be feasible by kan and Chang 1985- PCR develop by Mullis an Co ...

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Transcription of MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND APPLIED GENETICS

1 FOR Medical Laboratory Technology Students Mohammed Awole Adem Upgraded Lecture Note Series Jimma University MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND APPLIED GENETICS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND APPLIED GENETICS For Medical Laboratory Technician Students Lecture Note Series Mohammed Awole Adem Upgraded - 2006 In collaboration with The Carter Center (EPHTI) and The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health Jimma University iPREFACE The problem faced today in the learning and teaching of APPLIED GENETICS and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY for laboratory technologists in universities, colleges andhealth institutions primarily from the unavailability of textbooks that focus on the needs of Ethiopian students.

2 This lecture note has been prepared with the primary aim of alleviating the problems encountered in the teaching of Medical APPLIED GENETICS and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY course and in minimizing discrepancies prevailing among the different teaching and training health institutions. It can also be used in teaching any introductory course on medical APPLIED GENETICS and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and as a reference material. This lecture note is specifically designed for medical laboratory technologists, and includes only those areas of MOLECULAR cell BIOLOGY and APPLIED GENETICS relevant to degree-level understanding of modern laboratory technology.

3 Since GENETICS is prerequisite course to MOLECULAR BIOLOGY , the lecture note starts with GENETICS iifollowed by MOLECULAR BIOLOGY . It provides students with MOLECULAR background to enable them to understand and critically analyze recent advances in laboratory sciences. Finally, it contains a glossary, which summarizes important terminologies used in the text. Each chapter begins by specific learning objectives and at the end of each chapter review questions are also included. We welcoming the reviewers and users input regarding this edition so that future editions will be better. iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge The Carter Center for its initiative, financial, material and logistic supports for the preparation of this teaching material.

4 We are indebted to The Jimma University that support directly or indirectly for the visibility of this lecture note preparation. I extend our appreciation to the reviewers of the manuscript during intra-workshop, Namely, Ato Tsehayneh Kelemu , Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, and Ato Yared Alemu, School of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jimma greatly appreciate them for their attitude, concern and dedication. I also acknowledge all reviewers of the manuscript during inter-institutional workshop and those who participated as national reviewers. Last but not least I would like to acknowledge tyhose who helped me directly or indirectly.

5 IvTABLE OF CONTENTS i iii Table of iv List of Figures .. xi General objectives .. xiv CHAPTER ONE: THE CELL Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell .. 1 Function of the cell .. 5 The chemical components of Cell membranes .. 8 Membrane 10 CHAPTER TWO: THE CELL CYCLE Introduction .. 13 Control of the Cell 15 Steps in the 16 Meiosis and the Cell 18 Quality Control of the Cell Cycle .. 18 Regulation of the Cell 19 23 30 Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis .. 33 Meiotic 33 Mitosis, Meiosis, and 34 Meiosis and Genetic 35 Meiosis and Sexual 38 CHAPTER THREE: MACROMOLECULES Introduction.

6 40 41 Nucleic acids .. 43 Protein .. 46 49 Tertiary 58 Macromolecular Interactions .. 63 64 Renaturation .. 69 CHAPTER FOUR: GENETICS Mendelian GENETICS .. 73 Mendel's first law: principle of segregation .. 79 Mendel's second law: principle of independent 80 Mendel's third law: principle of Dominance .. 81 Exception to Mendelian GENETICS .. 82 CHAPTER FIVE: CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Chromosome 96 Normal 97 Chromosome 100 Types of Chromatin .. 105 Codominant 106 Incomplete 107 Multiple 108 108 Environment and Gene Expression.

7 109 Polygenic Inheritance .. 110 Pleiotropy .. 112 Human Chromosome Abnormalities .. 113 Cytogenetics .. 119 CHAPTER SIX: LINKAGE Introduction .. 125 Mapping .. 128 Double 132 132 Deriving Linkage Distance and Gene Order from Three-Point Crosses .. 134 vii CHAPTER SEVEN: PEDIGREE ANALYSIS Symbols Used to Draw Pedigrees .. 145 Modes of 147 Autosomal 150 Autosomal 151 Mitochondrial 157 Uniparental 158 CHAPTER EIGHT: NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Introduction .. 161 Deoxyribonucleic 162 Ribonucleic 167 Chemical differences between DNA & RNA .. 170 DNA 173 Control of 191 DNA 193 CHAPTER NINE:DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR 200 Agents that Damage DNA.

8 201 Types of DNA 202 Repairing Damaged 203 Repairing Strand 209 Mutation .. 210 Insertions and 214 9. 7. 216 219 Frequency of Mutations .. 220 Mutation Rate .. 223 CHAPTER TEN: GENE TRANSFER IN BACTERIA 226 227 Transduction .. 232 238 Transposition .. 241 Recombination .. 242 Plasmid .. 243 CHAPTER ELEVEN: TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION Introduction .. 247 Transcription .. 249 Translation .. 252 Triplet Code .. 254 Transfer 258 Function of Ribosome.

9 261 The Central 261 Protein Synthesis .. 264 CHAPTER TWELVE: CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION 268 Gene Control in 272 The lac 275 The trp 281 Gene Control in Eukaryotes .. 285 Control of Eukaryotic Transcription 291 Transcription and Processing of mRNA .. 296 CHAPTER THIRTEEN: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 303 Uses of Genetic Engineering .. 304 Basic Tools of Genetic Engineering .. 305 Enzymes in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY .. 306 DNA manipulation .. 314 Making a Recombinant DNA: An Overview .. 317 318 Cloning DNA .. 333 Cloning into a Plasmid .. 339 Expression and Engineering of Macromolecules 343 Creating mutations.

10 347 xCHAPTER FOURTEEN: DNA SEQUENCING 355 Sanger Method for DNA 361 An Automated sequencing gel .. 371 Shotgun 376 CHAPTER FIFTEEN: MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES 15. 1. Electrophoresis .. 380 Complementarity and 386 Blots .. 389 Polymerase Chain 404 423 DNA Finger 431 Glossary .. 439 xiList of Figures Prokaryotic 2 Fig. 2: Eukaryotic Cell .. 2 Fig. 3. The cell cycle .. 14 Fig. 4: Overview of Major events in Mitosis .. 23 Fig 5: 26 Fig. 6: 27 Fig. 7: Metaphase .. 27 Fig 8: Early anaphase .. 28 Fig. 9: Telophase .. 29 Fig. 10: Overview of steps in meiosis .. 32 Fig 11: Cross pollination and self pollination and their respective generation.


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