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1 Music TheoryFORDUMmIES by Michael Pilhofer and Holly Day01_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page iii01_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page iiMusic TheoryFORDUMmIES 01_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page i01_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page iiMusic TheoryFORDUMmIES by Michael Pilhofer and Holly Day01_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page iiiMusic Theory For Dummies Published byWiley Publishing, River , NJ 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permis-sion of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the CopyrightClearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600.
2 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4355, or online at : Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for theRest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, and related tradedress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the UnitedStates and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are theproperty of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendormentioned in this OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REP-RESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THECONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUTLIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
3 NO WARRANTY MAY BE CRE-ATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CON-TAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THEUNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OROTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF ACOMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THEAUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATIONOR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FUR-THER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFOR-MATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY , READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVECHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer CareDepartment within the at 800-762-2974, outside the at 317-572-3993, or fax technical support, please visit also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats.
4 Some content that appears in print maynot be available in electronic of Congress Control Number: 2007920019 ISBN: 978-0-7645-7838-0 Manufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 101_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page ivAbout the AuthorsMichael Pilhofer:Michael Pilhofer teaches Music Theory and percussion atMcNally Smith College of Music in St. Paul, Minnesota, where he serves asdepartment head of the Ensembles Department. He has worked as a profes-sional musician for more than 18 years and has toured and recorded with Joe Lovano, Marian McPartland, Kenny Wheeler, Dave Holland, Bill Holman,Wycliffe Gordon, Peter Erskine, and Gene Day: Holly Day has written about Music for numerous publicationsinternationally, including Computer Music Journal, ROCKRGRL, Music Alive!,Guitar One, Brutarian Magazine, Interface Technology, and the past couple of decades, her writing has received an Isaac AsimovAward, a National Magazine Award, and two Midwest Writer s Grants.
5 Her previous books include The Insider s Guide to the Twin Cities(3rd, 4th, and 5th Editions), Shakira, and Behind the Orange Curtain: A History of OrangeCounty Punk 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page v01_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page viDedicationTo Wolfegang and Astrid, with much AcknowledgmentsSpecial acknowledgement goes to all the musicians and composers who tookthe time out of their very busy schedules to share their thoughts on writingmusic with Reich, Philip Glass, Irmin Schmidt, Barry Adamson, Jonathan Segel,John Hughes III, Nick Currie, Andrew Bird, Fred Sokolow, Rachel Grimes,Christian Frederickson, Pan Sonic, Mark Mallman, Leslie Hermelin, CorbinCollins, and Matt Wagner: thank thanks goes to Tom Day, whose patience both in and out of the production booth is always , Dr. Robert 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page viiPublisher s AcknowledgmentsWe re proud of this book.
6 Please send us your comments through our Dummies online registrationform located at of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media DevelopmentProject Editor: Corbin CollinsAcquisitions Editor: Stacy KennedyCopy Editor: Corbin CollinsTechnical Editor: Delbert BowersMedia Project Supervisor:Laura Moss-HollisterMedia Development Specialist:Kit MaloneEditorial Manager: Michelle HackerEditorial Supervisor and Reprint Editor:Carmen KrikorianEditorial Assistants:Erin Calligan Mooney, Joe Niesen, David Lutton, Leeann HarneyCartoons: Rich Tennant( )Composition ServicesProject Coordinator: Patrick RedmondLayout and Graphics:Carl Byers, Joyce Haughey, Laura Pence, Heather Ryan, Rashell SmithSpecial Art: Music Service/Woytek andKrystyna RynczakAnniversary Logo Design:Richard PacificoProofreaders:Aptara, Jessica Kramer, Susan Moritz, Todd Lothery Indexer:AptaraPublishing and Editorial for Consumer DummiesDiane Graves steele , Vice President and Publisher, Consumer DummiesJoyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer DummiesKristin A.
7 Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer DummiesMichael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, TravelKelly Regan,Editorial Director, TravelPublishing for Technology DummiesAndy Cummings,Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General UserComposition ServicesGerry Fahey,Vice President of Production ServicesDebbie Stailey,Director of Composition Services01_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page viiiContents at a GlanceIntroduction ..1 Part I: Rhythm: Keeping the Beat ..7 Chapter 1: What Is Music Theory Anyway? ..9 Chapter 2: Counting Out 3: Giving It a Rest ..31 Chapter 4: Time Signatures ..41 Chapter 5: Naturalizing the Beat ..57 Chapter 6: Tempo and Dynamics ..65 Part II: Melody: The Part You Hum ..77 Chapter 7: The Musical Staff ..79 Chapter 8: Instrument Tone and Color ..93 Chapter 9: Half Steps, Whole Steps, Sharps, and Flats.
8 99 Part III: Harmony: Fleshing It Out ..105 Chapter 10: 11: Key Signatures and the Circle of 12: The Major and Minor Scales ..147 Chapter 13: Building Chords ..161 Chapter 14: Chord 15: Cadence ..207 Part IV: Form: How It s 16: The Elements of 17: Classical 18: Popular Forms ..241 Part V: The Part of Tens ..249 Chapter 19: Six Most Frequently Asked Questions About Music Theory ..251 Chapter 20: Ten Cool and Useful Resources ..255 Chapter 21: Nine Music Theorists You Should Know About ..26102_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page ixAppendix A: How to Use the CD ..269 Appendix B: Chord Chart ..277 Appendix C: Glossary ..315 Index ..31902_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page xTable of ContentsIntroduction ..1 About This This Book Is For ..2 The absolute beginner ..2 The Music student who quit ..2 The experienced performer.
9 2 How This Book Is I: Rhythm: Keeping the Beat ..3 Part II: Melody: The Part You III: Harmony: Fleshing It Out ..3 Part IV: Form: How It s Shaped ..4 Part V: The Part of Used in This Book ..4 Where to Go from I: Rhythm: Keeping the 1: What Is Music Theory Anyway? ..9 How Will Theory Help My Music ? ..10 The Old Lady and the Yardstick ..10 The Birth of Music and Theory ..11 The Greeks: First Theorists ..12 The Keyboard and Music Notation ..12 Chapter 2: Counting Out Notes ..15 Meet the and Note big way notes look ..17 Finding and following the beat ..20 Whole Notes ..22 Quarter Notes ..22 Eighth Notes and and Tied It All Up ..2702_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page xiChapter 3: Giving It a Rest ..31 Whole Rests ..32 Half Rests ..33 Quarter Rests and Beyond ..35 Dotted Rests ..36 Mixing It All Up.
10 37 Chapter 4: Time Signatures ..41 Meet the Staff ..41 Treble and bass clefs ..42 Time signatures ..42 Measures ..43 Simple Time Signatures ..44 Measures and counting in simple counting beats in simple time ..48 Compound Time and counting in compound counting in compound time ..52 Asymmetrical Time 5: Naturalizing the Rhythm ..57 Stress Patterns and Syncopation ..57 The general rule of placing stress ..58 Syncopation: skipping the beat ..58 Pick-Up Notes ..60 Irregular Rhythms: Triplets and Duplets .. 6: Tempo and Dynamics ..65 Taking the Tempo of Music ..65 The metronome: not just for hypnotists notation ..67 Speeding up and slowing down: changing the tempo ..69 Dynamics: Loud and phrases ..70 Other tempo and dynamic markings ..71 Piano pedal markings for other instruments ..73 Music Theory For Dummies xii02_578380 2/27/07 1:46 PM Page xiiPart II: Melody: The Part You Hum.
