Name Class Date 7 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY ...

1 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, GUIDE for CONTENT Master yChapter 7 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the your textbook, read about the space at the left, write trueif the statement is true; if the statement is false,change the italicized word or phrase to make it the process by which rocks on or near Earth s surfacebreak down and removal and transport of weathered materials from one locationtoanother is called must take place precipitation has a pH value repeated thawing and freezing of water in the cracks of rocksis called frost ,oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids are significant agents occurs in the decomposition ofiron chemical reaction ofcarbon dioxidewith other substances is called the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the reaction below is an example of which of the following processes?

2 2 FeO4 O2 pH scale is used to measurement which of the following? process by which outer layers of rock are stripped away is called which of the following climates would physical weathering most readily occur? and and and hot and amounts of carbonic acid are found in and monuments that are made of limestone are greatly damaged by of the following factors does NOT exert pressure on rocks that leads to physical weathering? acidoxygensilicate materialschemicaltruebelowtruetruetrueWe athering, Erosion, and SoilNameClassDateSTUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER7 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, , continuedIn your textbook, read about weathering and what affects the rate at which weathering the terms below just once to complete the precipitationcarbonic acidcarbon dioxidetemperaturemechanicalcompositionp ressureThe process by which rocks and minerals break down into smaller pieces is(16)weathering, also called physical weathering.

3 Two factors that play a significant role in this type of weathering are (17)and(18).To some extent, the (19)of rocks determinesthe effects that chemical weathering will have on them.(20)is an importantagent in chemical weathering because it can dissolve many kinds of minerals. An atmospheric gasthat contributes to the chemical weathering process is (21),which is pro-duced by living organisms. When this gas combines with water, it produces a weak acid called(22).Another agent of chemical weathering is (23),which is caused mainly by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen the following climate conditions promote chemical weathering?warm temperatures, abundant rainfall, and lush rock type is most easily weathered? Why?Sedimentary rocks are most easily weathered because they are not as hard as igneous or metamorphic is surface area related to weathering?The greater the surface area exposed to weathering, the more weathering that does slope affect the rate of weathering?

4 Materials on slopes have a greater tendency to move under gravity, thus exposing rock surfaces and providing more opportunities for weathering to precipitationcarbonic acidcarbon dioxideWatercompositionpressuretemperatu remechanical42 Chapter 7 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the UniverseStudy GUIDE for CONTENT Master ySTUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER7 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, and DepositionIn your textbook, read about erosion and each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column AColumn final stage of the erosional process in which materials are dropped in another force that tends to pull all materials steeper the , the greater the potentialfor flowing water to erode earth areas undergo erosion by and by scraping, gouging, and picking up largerocks and debris major erosional agent in areas with limitedprecipitation and high temperaturesAnswer the following two examples of how plants and animals move Earth s surface materials fromone place to another as they carry on their life responses.

5 Animals burrow into the soil and shovel it to another place. Humans excavate when building structures or highways. Humans move soil while planting a rill erosion and how it differs from gully erosion is erosion by the running water of a small channel on the side of a slope. Gully erosion occurs when streams evolve into small channels that become deeper and the formation of barrier along a shoreline can be repeatedly picked up, moved, and deposited by ocean currents to form a sandbar. Sandbars may continue to be built up, thus forming barrier GUIDE for CONTENT Master yChapter 7 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe43 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER7 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, and Deposition, continuedThe following statements list types of erosion. Using the numbers 1 4, label them bytheir ability to transport and animal erosionFor each statement below, write trueor a river enters a large body of water, the water generally slowsdown and deposits large amounts of Nile Delta was formed from ocean waves and constant movement of water and the availability of accumulatedweathered material creates continuous water, glaciers do not move material over a long is a major erosional agent in areas on Earth that have bothlimited precipitation and high barriers are trees and other vegetation planted perpendiculartothe wind movement of soil and other Earth materials by humans as theybuild highways and bridges, is not considered islands, which form from offshore sand deposits.

6 Can continueto be built up from sediments and form continued erosion of rill channels can develop into gully cannot blow against the force of can always move more material than U-shaped valley indicate that glacial erosion has taken , tides, and currents are responsible for erosion of 7 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the UniverseStudy GUIDE for CONTENT Master ySTUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER7 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, of SoilIn your textbook, read about soils and how they each the loose covering of weathered rock particles anddecaying organic matter overlying the bedrock of Earth s that is located above its parent material is known as . that has been moved away from its parent bedrock is heavy machinery digs out soil in the process of building a road,avertical sequence layers of soil, called a(n),will often be distinct layer, or zone, located within a soil profile is known as a(n).

7 Formed at high latitudes and high elevations that have good drainage butno distinct horizons are classified as . (n) is any one of various types of soil that can supportaforest, grassland, prairie, or other found in areas with less than 25 cm of rainfall that often have a highaccumulation of salts are called . forms as a result ofand biological activity that breaksdown and changes soil materials over long periods of relative proportions of particle sizes make up a soil s . is the measure of how well a soil can support thegrowth of soilstemperate soilpolar soilssoil horizonsoil profiletransported soilresidual soilSoilStudy GUIDE for CONTENT Master yChapter 7 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe45 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER7 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, of Soil, continuedIn your textbook, read about soil the soil profile by filling in the horizons.

8 Then answer the horizon is the surface layer? Describe A is the surface layer. It contains topsoil, is usually rich in humus, and supports much biological activity. It ranges from black to gray in horizon is the subsoil? Describe B contains subsoils that are enriched with clay minerals. It has less-developed soil than A, and may have a zone of accumulation consisting ofsoluble minerals leached out form the topsoil. It may be red or brown in color as a result of the presence of iron oxides. It may also contain an accumulation of clay that forms a horizon occurs directly above bedrock? Describe C occurs above bedrock and, like B, has less-developed soil than A. It contains weathered material from the BHorizon 7 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the UniverseStudy GUIDE for CONTENT Master ySTUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER7