NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS - ibiblio

1 NAVAL Strategy in the 1970sSelected Documents John B. Hattendorf, , EditorN AVA L WA R C O L L E G E N E W P O RT PA P E R S30N AVA L WA R C O L L E G E N E W P O RT PA P E R STHEUNITEDSTATESNAVALWARCOLLEGEVIRAIBUS MRI VICTORIAC overThe amphibious assault ship USST arawa(LHA 1) operating an SH-60F Seahawkhelicopter off San Diego, California, on29 November by Commander Richard , USN, reproduced by NAVAL Strategy in the 1970sSelected DocumentsNAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESSN ewport, Rhode IslandEdited with an Introduction byJohn B. Hattendorf, J. King Professor of Maritime HistoryNaval War CollegeNaval War CollegeNewport, Rhode IslandCenter for NAVAL Warfare StudiesNewport paper ThirtySeptember 2007 President, NAVAL War CollegeRear Adm. Jacob L. Shuford, USNP rovost/Dean of AcademicsJames F. Giblin, of NAVAL Warfare StudiesRobert C. RubelNaval War COLLEGE PressDirector:Dr.

2 Carnes LordManaging Editor:Pelham G. BoyerTelephone: : exchange: 948E-mail: in the United States of AmericaThe NEWPORT PAPERS are extended research projects that theDirector, the Dean of NAVAL Warfare Studies, and thePresident of the NAVAL War COLLEGE consider of particularinterest to policy makers, scholars, and views expressed in the NEWPORT PAPERS are those of theauthors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of theNaval War COLLEGE or the Department of the concerning the NEWPORT PAPERS may beaddressed to the Director of the NAVAL War COLLEGE request additional copies, back copies, or subscriptionsto the series, please either write the President (Code 32S), NAVAL War COLLEGE , 686 Cushing Road, NEWPORT , RI02841-1207, or contact the Press staff at the telephone, fax,or e-mail addresses and printing are subject to the Copyright Actof 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States.

3 Thisdocument may be freely reproduced for academic or othernoncommercial use; however, it is requested thatreproductions credit the author and NEWPORT PAPERS seriesand that the Press editorial office be informed. To obtainpermission to reproduce this publication for commercialpurposes, contact the Press editorial 1544-6824 ISBN 978-1-884733-46-8 ContentsForeword,by Carnes LordvAcknowledgmentsviiIntroduction,by John B. HattendorfixDOCUMENT ONEP roject SIXTY1 DOCUMENT TWOM issions of the Navy31 DOCUMENT THREES trategic Concepts for the Navy53 DOCUMENT FOURSEA PLAN 2000103 DOCUMENT FIVEThe Future of Sea Power125 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms135 Index143 About the Editor155 The NEWPORT NAVAL Strategy in the 1970s: Selected Documents,edited by John Hattendorf, is thethirtieth in the NEWPORT paper monograph series and the second in a projected four-volume set of authoritative documents on Navy strategy and strategic first volume in this series, NAVAL Strategy in the 1990s.

4 Selected Documents, NEWPORT paper 27, also edited by Professor Hattendorf, appeared in September current volume was originally intended to include documents relating to thedevelopment of the Navy s Maritime Strategy during the 1980s, but the bulk of rele-vant material has made it advisable to dedicate a separate volume to that period; this isdue to appear shortly. A final volume will then cover documents from the 1950s and1960s. When combined with Professor Hattendorf s authoritative narrative of the gen-esis and development of the Maritime Strategy, The Evolution of the Navy s Mari-time Strategy, 1977 1986, NEWPORT paper 19, these volumes will provide for the firsttime a comprehensive picture of the evolution of high-level Navy (and to someextent Marine Corps) strategic thinking over the half-century following the end ofWorld War of the documents reprinted here were and were intended to be public state-ments.

5 In all cases, however, these documents remain little known and mostly inacces-sible, certainly outside the Navy itself. It is important to emphasize that they need to beread with careful attention to their historical and institutional contexts. They are in anycase not always easy to interpret, and they differ substantially in the weight they carriedat the time or later. For these reasons, we have felt it essential to present the documentsaccompanied by a general introductory essay that locates them in their appropriatecontexts, as well as by brief commentaries on each providing additional pertinentinformation and attempting to assess their wider project, it is hoped, will contribute importantly not just to our understanding ofour recent NAVAL history but also to the serious study of military institutions, strategy,and planning more generally. Also, it is worth noting that this material is of more thanmerely historical interest.

6 The Navy (with its sister sea services, the Marine Corpsand the Coast Guard) is currently on the verge of completing a major review of itsnaval and maritime strategy in a new era of protracted low-intensity warfare and grow-ing global economic interdependence. This exercise, whatever the immediate resultmay prove to be, has unquestionably served the valuable purpose of stimulating seriousthought about fundamental strategic issues at many levels throughout the Navy. Thesevolumes can be expected to be an important resource in a continuing process of strate-gic assessment and education as the Navy continues to adjust to a rapidly evolvingsecurity LORDD irector, NAVAL War COLLEGE PressNewport, Rhode IslandviTHE NEWPORT PAPERSA cknowledgmentsThe explanatory notes and introduction to this collection of documents from the1970s and its predecessor on the 1990s, as will those of the forthcoming monograph onsimilar documents from the 1980s, represent an adaptation and extension of the infor-mation initially gathered by Captain Peter M.

7 Swartz, USN (Ret.), of the Center forNaval Analyses (CNA), Alexandria, Virginia. He used this material in developing aPowerPoint presentation covering the history of the Navy s strategic documentsover the thirty-seven years between 1970 and 2007. The version used for reference inthis work was that presented at a 9 May 2007 Strategy Conference at CNA.*Captain Swartz presented his briefing widely, extensively circulated it during its devel-opment, garnering new insight and information at each iteration over two and a halfyears. Additionally, in order to support my work in preparing this volume, the 2007 CNA Strategy Conference and an earlier one on 27 June 2006 devoted considerabletime to the strategy documents included in this volume. I am particularly grateful toCaptain Swartz for sharing with me his research materials and e-mail correspondence aswell as for reviewing and critiquing drafts of sections of this book.

8 In addition, IthankRear Admiral Michael McDevitt and Christine Fox of the CNA Corporation for theirpermission and encouragement to use and elaborate upon these essence, the introduction and the explanatory notes in this volume are a composite,the editor s attempt to reconcile the various recollections and comments of a variety ofthe participants who participated in writing these documents. As such, this work isonly a limited contribution toward a complete and detailed history of NAVAL thinking inthis decade, a history that will need to be written in the light of the additional docu-ments and materials that will progressively become available in the future for historicalresearch and open people who participated in various stages of the writing and publication of thesedocuments made constructive comments and provided additional information at the2006 and 2007 CNA Strategy Conferences and in related correspondence.

9 I am gratefulto all who have provided their insights at various points, whether in the developmentof Captain Swartz s briefing, during the 2006 and 2007 CNA conferences, or in* Peter M. Swartz, principal author, US Navy Capstone Strategies & Concepts (1970 2007): Insightsfor the US Navy of 2007, Version of 9 May 2007, with graphics by Karin B. e-mail correspondence with me, including Mr. Dave Baker; Captain RogerBarnett, USN (Ret.); Captain Joe Bouchard, USN (Ret.); Captain Linton Brooks, USN(Ret.); Rear Admiral Tom Brooks, USN (Ret.); Commander Mitch Brown, USN (Ret.);Captain John Byron, USN (Ret.); Rear Admiral Bill Center, USN (Ret.); Dr. Greg Cox(CNA); Mr. Seth Cropsey; Commander Steve Deal, USN; Captain Dick Diamond, USN(Ret.); Commander John Dickmann, USN (Ret.); Commander Tom Disy, USN; Cap-tain Will Dossel, USN (Ret.); Captain Mike Dunaway, USN (Ret.)

10 ; Captain Jamie Foggo,USN; Dr. Norman Friedman; Dr. Hank Gaffney (CNA); Mr. Mike Gerson (CNA);Commander Neil Golightly, USNR (Ret.); Ms. Gia Harrington; Captain Robby Harris,USN (Ret.); Mr. Richard Haver; Captain Bradd Hayes, USN (Ret.); Rear Admiral JerryHolland, USN (Ret.); Admiral James Holloway III, USN (Ret.); Dr. Tom Hone; CaptainWayne P. Hughes, Jr., USN (Ret.); Ms. Kate Lea (CNA); Captain Ed Long, USN (Ret.);Mr. Mike Markowitz (CNA); Captain Rod McDaniel, USN (Ret.); Rear Admiral MikeMcDevitt, USN (Ret.), of CNA; Commander Bryan McGrath, USN (Ret.); CaptainKenneth McGruther, USN (Ret.); Mr. Anthony McIvor; Mr. Edward S. Miller; CaptainJudy (Holden) Myers, USN (Ret.); Commander Paul Nagy, USN; Mr. Ron O Rourke;Rear Admiral Frank Pandolfe, USN; Captain Jim Patton, USN (Ret.); Rear Admiral BillPendley, USN (Ret.); Dr. David Perin (CNA); Dr. Peter Perla (CNA); Hon.