NCHRP Report 611 – Seismic Analysis and Design of ...

1 NATIONAL. NCHRP Report 611. COOPERATIVE. HIGHWAY. RESEARCH. PROGRAM. Seismic Analysis and Design of retaining walls , buried Structures, Slopes, and embankments TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*. OFFICERS. CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MEMBERS. J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY. Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA.

2 Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA. William Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN. Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC. Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City Michael D.

3 Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR. Rosa Clausell Rountree, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Atlanta Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc.

4 , St. Louis, MO. C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNX Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR. EX OFFICIO MEMBERS. Thad Allen (Adm., Coast Guard), Commandant, Coast Guard, Washington, DC. Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA. Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University Professor, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC.

5 Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC. John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS.

6 David Kelly, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Thomas J. Madison, Jr., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC. James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. *Membership as of November 2008. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM. NCHRP Report 611. Seismic Analysis and Design of retaining walls , buried Structures, Slopes, and embankments Donald G.

7 Anderson CH2M HILL. Bellevue, WA. Geoffrey R. Martin UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Los Angeles, CA. Ignatius (Po) Lam EARTH MECHANICS, INC. Fountain Valley, CA. J. N. (Joe) Wang PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF INC. New York, NY. Subject Areas Bridges, Other Structures, and Hydraulics and Hydrology Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD. WASHINGTON, 2008. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP Report 611. RESEARCH PROGRAM. Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 12-70. approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614.

8 Administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN: 978-0-309-11765-4. interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2008911003. or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the 2008 Transportation Research Board accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION. cooperative research. Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.

9 Initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material.

10 For other uses of the material, request permission Transportation. from CRP. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of NOTICE. modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this Report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council.