Non-Governmental Organizations and Development

1 Non-Governmental Organizations and Development bu fs Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are high-profile actors in the field of international Development , both as providers of services to vulnerable individuals n and communities and as campaigning policy advocates. This book provides a critical tri o introduction to the wide-ranging topic of NGOs and Development . Written by two authors with more than 20 years' experience each of research and practice in the tio field, the book combines a critical overview of the main research literature with a is ro set of up-to-date theoretical and practical insights drawn from experience in Asia, Europe, Africa and elsewhere. It highlights the importance of NGOs in Development , but it also engages fully with the criticisms that the increased profile of NGOs in p Development now attracts. The text begins with a discussion of the wide diversity of NGOs and their roles, and locates their recent rise to prominence within broader histories of struggle as well rd r as within the ideological context of neoliberalism.

2 It then moves on to analyse how fo he interest in NGOs has both reflected and informed wider theoretical trends and debates within Development studies, before analysing NGOs and their practices, using a broad range of short case studies of successful and unsuccessful interventions. The book then moves on to describe the ways in which NGOs are increasingly important in relation to ideas and debates about civil society', globalization and the changing ot c ideas and practices of international aid. The book argues that NGOs are now central to Development theory and practice and are likely to remain important actors in N ou Development in the years to come. In order to appreciate the issues raised by their increasing diversity and complexity, the authors conclude that it is necessary to deploy a historically and theoretically informed perspective.

3 V. This critical overview will be useful to students of Development studies at undergraduate and master's levels, as well as to more general readers and practitioners. The format of the book includes figures, photographs and case studies as well as reader material in the form of summary points and questions. Despite the growing importance of the topic, no single short, up-to-date book exists that sets out the main issues in the form of a clearly written, academically-informed text: until now. David Lewis teaches in the Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics, where he has specialized in Development policy issues in South Asia, with a particular focus on Bangladesh. An anthropologist by background, he is co-author with Katy Gardner of Anthropology, Development and the Postmodern Challenge (Pluto, 1996), and author of The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations (Routledge, 2007).

4 Nazneen Kanji is director of a research programme on quality of life' at the Aga Khan Development Network. She has specialized in gender, livelihoods and social policy, with extensive policy research, consultancy and field experience in Africa and Asia. Routledge Perspectives on Development Series Editor: Professor Tony Binns, University of Otago The Perspectives on Development series will provide an invaluable, up-to-date and refreshing approach to key Development issues for academics and students working in the field of Development , in disciplines such as anthropology, economics, geography, international relations, politics and sociology. The series will also be of particular interest to those working in interdisciplinary fields, bu fs such as area studies (African, Asian and Latin American studies), Development studies, rural and urban studies, travel and tourism.

5 N tri o If you would like to submit a book proposal for the series, please contact Tony tio Binns on is ro Published: David W. Drakakis-Smith p Third World Cities, 2nd edition Richard Sharpley and David J. Telfer Tourism and Development Kenneth Lynch Andrew McGregor Rural-Urban Interactions in the Southeast Asian Development rd r Developing World Cheryl McEwan fo he Nicola Ansell Postcolonialism and Development Children, Youth and Development Andrew Williams and Katie Willis Roger MacGinty ot c Theories and Practices of Development Conflict and Development Jennifer A. Elliott Andrew Collins N ou An Introduction to Sustainable Disaster and Development Development , 3rd edition David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji Chris Barrow Non-Governmental Organizations and Environmental Management and Development V. Development Janet Henshall Momsen Gender and Development Forthcoming: Jo Beall Tony Binns, Christo Fabricius and Cities and Development Etienne Nel Local Knowledge, Environment and Gould Development Population and Development Andrea Cornwall Janet Henshall Momsen Participation and Development Gender and Development , 2nd Edition Heather Marquette Clive Agnew and Philip Woodhouse Politics and Development Water Resources and Development bu fs E.

6 M. Young David Hudson Food and Development n Global Finance and Development tri o Michael Tribe, Frederick Nixon and Hazel Barrett tio Andrew Sumner Health and Development is ro Economics and Development Studies Tony Binns and Alan Dixon Africa: Diversity and Development p rd r fo he ot c N ou V. V. N ou ot c fo he rd r is ro p tri o bu fs tio n bu fs n tri o Non-Governmental tio is ro Organizations and Development p rd r David Lewis and fo he Nazneen Kanji ot c N ou V. bu fs First published 2009. n by Routledge tri o 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN. tio is ro p Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa company 2009 David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji rd r Typeset in Times New Roman by fo he Bookcraft Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire Printed and bound in Great Britain by [[to come]].

7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or ot c reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including N ou photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library V. Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Lewis, David, 1960 . Non-Governmental Organizations and Development / David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji. p. cm. (Routledge perspectives on Development ). Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Non-Governmental Organizations . I. Kanji, Nazneen. II. Title. 2009. dc2 22008049965. ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45429-2 (hbk). ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45430-8 (pbk).

8 ISBN 13: 978-0-203-87707-4 (ebk). ISBN 10: 0-415-45429-8 (hbk). ISBN 10: 0-415-45430-1 (pbk). ISBN 10: 0-203-87707-1 (ebk). Contents bu fs n tri o tio is ro p List of figures viii List of tables x rd r List of boxes xi fo he Acknowledgements xiii List of abbreviations and acronyms xiv ot c 1 Introduction: what are Non-Governmental Organizations ? 1. N ou 2 Understanding NGOs in historical context 24. 3 NGOs and Development theory 47. 4 NGOs and Development : from alternative to mainstream? 71. V. 5 NGO roles in contemporary Development practice 91. 6 NGOs and civil society' 121. 7 NGOs and globalization 142. 8 NGOs and the aid system 164. 9 NGOs and international humanitarian action 186. 10 Development NGOs in perspective 201. Bibliography 215. Index 229. Figures bu fs n tri o tio is ro p BRAC headquarters, Dhaka, Bangladesh (photo: Ayeleen Ajanee) 4.

9 Rd r Grameen Bank local office, Kashimpur, fo he Bangladesh (photo: Ayeleen Ajanee) 11. The Terre des Hommes office in Coutanou, Benin (photo: Miranda Armstrong) 14. NGO fundraising leaflets with images showing diff erent ot c approaches and representations of NGO work 18. Staff from the Brazilian NGO Artesanato N ou Solidario visit members of the Onca 2'. community in the north-east of Brazil (Piaui State) in order to identify community members to undertake income-generation activities, V. supported by funding from the Federal Tourism Ministry (photo: Diogo Souto Maior) 27. Handicraft self-help group member, Karauna, Uttar Pradesh, India (Photo: Shefali Misra) 30. The landscapes of many developing countries are increasingly dotted with NGO signboards, such as these recently seen in rural Mali (photo: Nazneen Kanji) 37. A meeting of a Kashf women's credit group in Pakistan (photo: Ayeleen Ajanee) 63.

10 F igures ix The Mexican NGO Centro de Derechos Ind genas (Indigenous Rights Centre) has been working with indigenous communities in Chiapas since 1992. Here a team of four people participate in a workshop to raise awareness about legal land rights (photo: Maria Galindo-Abarca) 66. Women in Northern Bangladesh taking part in a PRA exercise facilitated by CARE staff (photo: Nazneen Kanji) 74. bu fs NGO workers from CARE Bangladesh discuss n empowerment issues with rural women (photo: tri o Nazneen Kanji) 77. tio NGO members engaged in silk production, part of an is ro income-generation project run by a local NGO (photo: David Lewis). The Fundaci n Tracsa AC provides basic primary education p 84. services to children who tend to drop out of government schools in a poor semi-rural area of Tlaquepaque Jalisco, Mexico (photo: Maria Galindo-Abarca) 96.