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1 (WRR) (WRC) Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) Global Dimming and Brightening J. F. W. Herschel Pouillet Pouillet Fr hlich, 1991 K.

2 Ngstr m Fr hlich, 1991 JPL (Kendall and Berdahl, 1970) thermopile (WRR) (WRC) WRR WRC ngstr m Scale 1905 Smithsonian Scale 1913 WRR/ ngstr m Scale 1905= WRR/Smithsonian Scale 1913= WRR/IPS 1956= Smithsonian Scale 1913 IPS 1956 WRR Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos (PMOD) / World Radiation Center (WRC)

3 SFI Schweizerisches Forschungsinstitut f r Hochgebirgsklima und Medizin WMO WRC International Geopysical Year, IGY1957 1958 One of the principal aims of the IGY was to learn more about the relations of our planet to the sun. The meteorological programs in all parts of the world were reinforced with solar radiation measurements. (Landsberg, 1961) (Martin, 1958)Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) WCRP/GEWEX PI= Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) (Budyko, 1956)(1 kcal/cm2/month = W/m2) S S01 1 k n S: S0: n: (Raschke, 2004) (Raschke, 2004)(Trenberth et al.)

4 , 2009)(Wild, 2012)(W/m2/decade) (Shi, Hayasaka et al., 2008)From Qiu et al. (2000), Luo et al. (2001), Chu et al. (2003)From Qiu et al. (2000), Luo et al. (2001), Chu et al. (2003)Scattering AOD by Wang (2006)Kaiser (1998, GRL)Total cloud amount trend for 1951 - 1994 CLOUDAEROSOLSfcSummerWinter(W/m2)Beijing -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 (Hayasaka et al., 2006)Parameterizations for SW radiation (1)For clear sky condition, downward SW flux is estimated by using basic meteorological data,Sdf: average downward SW flux on the Earth s surface,S0d: SW flux at the top of atmosphere, DUST: turbidity factor, md: daily mean optical airmass,w: precipitable water, ref: surface albedo)1)(1)( (13101jiCSSF mddfd wwmid10103log)log27( , DUST , DUST )( j1 ( DUST) (ref )Parameterizations for SW radiation (2)For cloudy sky condition, downward SW flux is estimated from sunshine duration,c 100 NN00 NNforforSd: average downward SW flux on the Earth s surface,S0d.

5 SW flux at the top of atmosphere,N: sunshine duration, N0: maximum sunshine duration,a, b, c, N: parameters depending on the instrument type00 NNNbaSSdd (W/m2)High correlation coefficient with positive bias in most cases(W/m2) AIRMASSAIRMASS Energy, water, CO2budgetFLUXNETLong Term Ecological ResearchILTERA erosol, Cloud, SitesPEN SitesPhenologicalEyes NetworkPENILTER-EAPEast Asia PacificILTER-EAPTFSTGFMSET errestrial Environment Research Center(Univ. of Tsukuba)GrasslandMaseSGDT akayama (Gifu Univ. & AIST)Deciduous Broadleaf Forest TKYJAPANMODIS 8 -day compositeRhItittfDeciduous Needleleaf ForestTomakomai*(NIES)Sugadaira(Univ.)

6 Tsukuba)GrasslandTFSTGFMSET errestrial Environment Research Center(Univ. of Tsukuba)GrasslandMaseSGDT akayama (Gifu Univ. & AIST)Deciduous Broadleaf Forest TKYJAPANMODIS 8 -day compositeRhItittfDeciduous Needleleaf ForestDeciduous Needleleaf ForestTomakomai*(NIES)Sugadaira(Univ. Tsukuba)GrasslandJapanFluxJaLTERM onitoring sites 1000 (MOE, Japan)----Most of the PEN sites are located at the AsiaFlux sites. AsiaFlux is a monitoring network of carbon, water and energy fluxes between ecosystems and the (NIAES)Rice Paddy FieldFJHKEWRHN* TFS and RHN stopped operation in September, 2004 and February 2006, respectively. Evergreen NeedleleafForest Kiryu(Kyoto Univ.

7 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature *UrbanFuji Hokuroku(NIES)Deciduous Needleleaf Forest Most of the PEN sites are located at the AsiaFlux sites. AsiaFlux is a monitoring network of carbon, water and energy fluxes between ecosystems and the (NIAES)Rice Paddy FieldFJHKEWRHN* TFS and RHN stopped operation in September, 2004 and February 2006, respectively. Evergreen NeedleleafForest Kiryu(Kyoto Univ.)Research Institute for Humanity and Nature *UrbanFuji Hokuroku(NIES)Deciduous Needleleaf Forest COS 5W/m2