Oracle Database Concepts

1 [1] Oracle DatabaseConcepts 11g Release 2 ( ) E40540-04 May 2015 Oracle Database Concepts , 11g Release 2 ( ) E40540-04 Copyright 1993, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights Authors: Lance Ashdown, Tom KyteContributors: Drew Adams, David Austin, Vladimir Barriere, Hermann Baer, David Brower, Jonathan Creighton, Bj rn Engsig, Steve Fogel, Bill Habeck, Bill Hodak, Yong Hu, Pat Huey, Vikram Kapoor, Feroz Khan, Jonathan Klein, Sachin Kulkarni, Paul Lane, Adam Lee, Yunrui Li, Bryn Llewellyn, Rich Long, Barb Lundhild, Neil Macnaughton, Vineet Marwah, Mughees Minhas, Sheila Moore, Valarie Moore, Gopal Mulagund, Paul Needham, Gregory Pongracz, John Russell, Vivian Schupmann, Shrikanth Shankar, Cathy Shea, Susan Shepard, Jim Stenoish, Juan Tellez, Lawrence To, Randy Urbano, Badhri Varanasi.

2 Simon Watt, Steve Wertheimer, Daniel WongThis software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free.

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6 Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services, except as set forth in an applicable agreement between you and xixDocumentation Accessibility .. xixRelated Documentation .. xxConventions .. xx1 Introduction to Oracle DatabaseAbout Relational 1-1 Database Management System (DBMS) .. 1-1 Relational Model .. 1-2 Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).. 1-2 Brief History of Oracle Database .. 1-3 Schema 1-4 Tables.

7 1-4 Indexes .. 1-4 Data 1-5 Structured Query Language (SQL).. 1-5PL/SQL and Java .. 1-5 Transaction 1-6 Transactions .. 1-6 Data Concurrency .. 1-6 Data Consistency .. 1-7 Oracle Database 1-7 Database and Instance .. 1-7 Database Storage Structures .. 1-8 Physical Storage Structures .. 1-9 Logical Storage Structures .. 1-9 Database Instance 1-9 Oracle Database 1-10 Instance Memory Structures .. 1-10 Application and Networking Architecture .. 1-10 Application Architecture .. 1-10 Networking 1-11 Oracle Database Documentation 1-12 Basic Group.

8 1-12viIntermediate Group .. 1-12 Advanced 1-13 Part I Oracle Relational Data Structures2 Tables and Table Clusters Introduction to Schema 2-1 Schema Object Types .. 2-2 Schema Object Storage .. 2-3 Schema Object Dependencies .. 2-4 SYS and SYSTEM Schemas .. 2-5 Sample Schemas .. 2-6 Overview of 2-6 Columns and Rows .. 2-7 Example: CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE Statements .. 2-7 Oracle Data Types .. 2-9 Character Data Types .. 2-10 Numeric Data 2-11 Datetime Data Types .. 2-12 Rowid Data 2-13 Format Models and Data 2-14 Integrity Constraints.

9 2-14 Object Tables .. 2-15 Temporary Tables .. 2-15 Temporary Table 2-16 Segment Allocation in Temporary Tables .. 2-16 External Tables .. 2-16 External Table 2-17 External Table Access 2-17 Table 2-18 Table Organization .. 2-18 Row Storage .. 2-19 Rowids of Row Pieces .. 2-19 Storage of Null 2-19 Table Compression .. 2-19 Basic and Advanced Row 2-19 Hybrid Columnar Compression .. 2-20 Overview of Table 2-22 Overview of Indexed 2-23 Overview of Hash 2-25 Hash Cluster Creation .. 2-25 Hash Cluster Queries.

10 2-26 Hash Cluster Variations .. 2-26 Hash Cluster Storage .. 2-27vii 3 Indexes and Index-Organized Tables Overview of 3-1 Index Characteristics .. 3-2 Keys and 3-3 Composite 3-3 Unique and Nonunique 3-4 Types of 3-4B-Tree Indexes .. 3-5 Branch Blocks and Leaf 3-5 Index Scans .. 3-6 Reverse Key 3-11 Ascending and Descending Indexes .. 3-11 Key Compression .. 3-12 Bitmap Indexes .. 3-13 Bitmap Indexes on a Single 3-14 Bitmap Join Indexes .. 3-15 Bitmap Storage Structure .. 3-17 Function-Based Indexes .. 3-17 Uses of Function-Based Indexes.