Overview of Federal Accounting Concepts and Standards

1 FASABFASABF ederal Accounting Standards Advisory BoardOverview ofFederal AccountingConcepts and Standards (as of September 30, 1996)Reporting RelevantFinancial InformationReport Number 1 December 31, 1996 December 31, 1996We have prepared this Overview to help agency managers and otherinterested parties understand the kinds of financial information that will beavailable under new reporting Concepts and Accounting standardsdeveloped by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory board (FASAB).FASAB was established in October 1990 by the Secretary of theTreasury, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB),and the Comptroller General to consider and recommend accountingprinciples for the Federal government. The nine member board iscomposed of representatives from the three principals, one CongressionalBudget Office representative, one representative from the defense andinternational agencies, one representative from civilian agencies, and threerepresentatives from the private recommends Accounting Standards after considering the financialand budgetary information needs of the Congress, executive agencies,other users of Federal financial information, and comments from thepublic.

2 Treasury, OMB, and the General Accounting Office (GAO) thendecide whether to adopt the recommended Standards ; if they do, thestandards are published by OMB and GAO and become a due process and consensus building approach, the board and theFASAB staff have provided the Federal government with a set ofcomprehensive Accounting Standards . The dedication of all FASAB members and staff has contributed greatly to this landmark achievementand we commend the important contribution they have made to improvefederal Accounting and financial new reporting Concepts and Accounting Standards that have resultedare central to effectively meeting the financial management improvementgoals of the Chief Financial Officers (CFO) Act of 1990, as amended. Also, improved financial information is necessary to support the strategicplanning and performance measurement requirements of the GovernmentPerformance and Results Act (GPRA) of preface highlights the objectives of Federal financial reporting and thefinancial information to be reported by Federal agencies.

3 Subsequentsections summarize each of the statements of reporting Concepts andaccounting Standards issued to date. These sections are organized asfollows. The first three sections present FASAB's overall financialreporting conceptual framework, with the third section also coveringmanagerial cost Accounting Standards . Next, Accounting for the federalgovernment's revenue and other financing sources is discussed, followedby several sections covering Accounting for its assets and liabilities. Thefinal section addresses reporting on the Federal government's investmentsin certain property, plant and equipment, human capital, research anddevelopment, and non- Federal physical property acquired by grants tostates and local summaries of the Concepts and Standards provided in this documentshould not be used as a substitute for the actual statements of federalfinancial reporting Concepts or Accounting Standards .

4 The detailedstandards are available from the Government Printing Office and on theInternet through FinanceNet. Also, FASAB will issue a codification ofthese Concepts and Standards . These Standards have variousimplementation dates through fiscal year 1998; the Standards may beamended in the future as necessary and additional Standards are expectedto be B. StaatsChairmanFederal Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFederal Accounting Concepts and StandardsDecember 31, 19961 PrefaceThe reporting Concepts and Accounting Standards described in this prefacewill provide new information on the Federal government's financialcondition, as well as on the costs of its programs. With this financialinformation, the Congress and government leaders will have relevant datato help make decisions affecting the budget, control costs, and measureperformance.

5 As a result, government programs can be managed moreeffectively, greater accountability for program results can be provided,and many future problems can be anticipated before they become financial Accounting Standards adopted differ from those used inbudgetary Accounting to the extent necessary to meet the objectives offederal financial reporting in Statement of Federal FinancialAccounting Concepts Number 1. For example, to help ensure thatmeaningful and reliable financial information is available to governmentdecision-makers and the public, the Standards developed by FASAB forthe Federal government are based on the accrual basis of Accounting ,which reports the substance of events when they Accounting Standards developed by FASAB are tailored to the federalgovernment's unique characteristics and special needs. For example, thefederal government needs financial information that is useful in planningfuture budgets and in controlling budgetary expenditures, consequently netcosts, rather than profit, is used as the major economic indicator ofefficiency and Financial reporting objectives pertain to the purpose to be served byReporting Objectivesfinancial information.

6 Federal agencies should provide information about: !budgetary integrity. What legal authority was provided for financinggovernment activities and for spending the monies? Were the financingand spending in accordance with these authorizations? How much (interms of budgetary resources) is left? !operating performance. How much do programs cost and how were theyfinanced? What outputs and outcomes were achieved? What and whereare the important assets, and how effectively are they managed? Whatliabilities arose from operating the programs, and how will they beliquidated or provided for?2 PrefaceFederal Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFederal Accounting Concepts and StandardsDecember 31, 1996 !stewardship.[NOTE 1: In the context of Statement of Federal FinancialAccounting Concepts Number 1, Objectives of Federal Financial lReporting, the term stewardship broadly refers to the federalgovernment's responsibility to be accountable for all of its operations andassessing the results based on an array of information to be presented infinancial statements.]

7 As used in Statement of Federal FinancialAccounting Standards Number 8, Supplementary StewardshipReporting, the term stewardship is associated with a specific type ofreport that is to be included as part of an entity's financial statements anddisclose information on its responsibility for such uniquely governmentalassets as heritage assets, weapons systems, and space explorationequipment.] Did the government's financial condition improve ordeteriorate? What provision has been made for the future? !controls. Does the government have cost-effective systems and controlsto safeguard its assets? Is it able to detect likely problems? Aredeficiencies corrected when detected?Information ToUsing these objectives, FASAB has recommended and the threeBe Reportedprincipals have adopted Standards that prescribe the types of financialinformation Federal entities should provide.

8 OMB has incorporated theprovisions of the Standards in its guidance on the form and content ofagency financial statements, issued pursuant to the CFO Act. Financial information to be reported includes: !operating performance: the total costs of agency and suborganizationoperations, revenues generated from operations used to fund costs, netcost of operations (cost of operations less revenues), and appropriationsand taxes used to fund the net cost of operations; !budgetary information: budgetary resources made available throughappropriations and other sources, obligations incurred, outlays, and areconciliation of obligations incurred to net cost of operations; and !financial status information: unspent funds, operating assets (such asreceivables and investment, property, plant, and equipment) and liabilities,including those related to credit and insurance programs and pensions andother postemployment Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFederal Accounting Concepts and StandardsDecember 31, 1996 StrengtheningThe new reporting Concepts and Accounting Standards , which areAccountabilitylisted in appendix I, will provide comprehensive, understandable, andconsistent information on the Federal government's financial status.

9 Tohelp ensure the accuracy of this information, much of it will be audited, asrequired by the expanded CFO Act. Together, the new Standards andfinancial audits will provide relevant and reliable financial information tostrengthen accountability for government Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFederal Accounting Concepts and StandardsDecember 31, 1996 This page intentionally Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFederal Accounting Concepts and StandardsDecember 31, of Federal Financial and Cost Accounting Concepts and for Revenue and Other Financing for Selected Assets and for Property, Plant, and for Inventory and Related for Direct Loans and Loan for Stewardship IStatements of Federal Financial Accounting Concepts and Standards and Their Effective Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFederal Accounting Concepts and StandardsDecember 31.

10 1996 AbbreviationsCFO Chief Financial OfficerFASAB Federal Accounting Standards Advisory BoardGAO General Accounting OfficeGPRA Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 IRS Internal Revenue ServiceOMB Office of Management and BudgetPP&E Property, Plant, and EquipmentSFFACS tatements of Federal Financial Accounting ConceptsSFFAS Statements of Federal Financial Accounting StandardsFederal Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFederal Accounting Concepts and StandardsDecember 31, 19967 Objectives of Federal Financial ReportingThe Federal government derives its just powers from the consent of thegoverned. It therefore has a special responsibility to report on its actionsand the results of those actions. These reports must accurately reflect thedistinctive nature of the Federal government and must provide informationuseful to the citizens, their elected representatives, Federal executives, andprogram this information to the public, news media, and elected officialsis an essential part of accountability in government.