PAPUA NEW GUINEA - press-files.anu.edu.au

1 PAPUA NEW GUINEA . GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY. PAPUA NEW GUINEA . GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY. EDITED BY STEPHEN HOWES. AND LEKSHMI N. PILLAI. PACI F I C SE R I E S. To all involved in the UPNG School of Business and Public Policy ANU Crawford School of Public Policy partnership. Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600. Email: Available to download for free at ISBN (print): 9781760465025. ISBN (online): 9781760465032. WorldCat (print): 1297067968. WorldCat (online): 1297067837. DOI: This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives International (CC BY-NC-ND ).

2 The full licence terms are available at Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: University of PAPUA New GUINEA graduands, 2019, by Dek Sum. For more information on the partnership between the University of PAPUA New GUINEA School of Business and Public Policy and The Australian National University Crawford School of Public Policy, see partnership. This book is published under the aegis of the Pacific Editorial Board of ANU Press. This edition 2022 ANU Press Contents Acronyms.. ix List of figures .. xi List of tables.. xv 1. Introduction.. 1. Stephen Howes and Lekshmi N. Pillai Part I: Politics and Governance 2. Elections and politics.

3 17. Michael Kabuni, Maholopa Laveil, Geejay Milli and Terence Wood 3. Decentralisation: A political analysis.. 57. Stephen Howes, Lawrence Sause and Lhawang Ugyel 4. Crime and corruption.. 87. Grant W. Walton and Sinclair Dinnen Part II: The Economy 5. PNG's economic trajectory: The long view.. 125. Stephen Howes, Rohan Fox, Maholopa Laveil, Luke McKenzie, Albert Prabhakar Gudapati and Dek Sum 6. Have living standards improved in PNG over the last two decades? Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys .. 163. Manoj K. Pandey and Stephen Howes Part III: Society 7. Uneven development and its effects: Livelihoods and urban and rural spaces in PAPUA New GUINEA .

4 193. John Cox, Grant W. Walton, Joshua Goa and Dunstan Lawihin 8. Communication, information and the media.. 223. Amanda H. A. Watson Contributors.. 261. Acronyms ABG Autonomous Bougainville Government ADB Asian Development Bank AFP Australian Federal Police APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ARB Autonomous Region of Bougainville ASFR age-specific fertility rates BPA Bougainville Peace Agreement BPNG Bank of PAPUA New GUINEA CBR crude birth rate CEO chief executive officer CLRC Constitutional and Law Reform Commission CPC Constitutional Planning Committee CPI Corruption Perceptions Index DDA District Development Authority DHS Demographic and Health Survey DPLGA Department of Provincial and Local Government Affairs DPT diphtheria.

5 Pertussis and tetanus DSIP District Services Improvement Program FASU Financial Analysis and Supervision Unit GDP gross domestic product GFR general fertility rate GFS Government Financial Statistics GNI gross national income HRW Human Rights Watch ix PAPUA NEW GUINEA : GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY. ICAC Independent Commission Against Corruption IMF International Monetary Fund ITFS Investigation Taskforce Sweep JDPBPC Joint District Planning and Budget Priorities Committee LLG local-level government LNG liquefied natural gas LPV limited preferential voting MLAR minimum liquid asset requirement MP member of parliament MRSF Mineral Resources Stabilisation Fund NGO non-governmental organisation NSO National Statistical Office OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OLIPPAC Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates OLPG Organic Law on Provincial Government OLPGLLG Organic Law on

6 Provincial Governments and Local-level Governments PNC People's National Congress PNG PAPUA New GUINEA PNG APP PAPUA New GUINEA Australia Policing Partnership PSIP Provincial Services Improvement Program QEB Quarterly Economic Bulletin RPNGC Royal PAPUA New GUINEA Constabulary SIA Security Industries Authority SMDP single member district plurality SOE state-owned enterprise TFF Tuition Fee Free TFR total fertility rate TSM Temporary Special Measure x List of figures Figure : Electoral quality internationally. 19. Figure : Voter participation. 22. Figure : 2017 voter participation by region. 22. Figure : Average candidates per electorate by region.

7 24. Figure : Minimum, median and maximum winning candidate vote shares over time. 25. Figure : Incumbent turnover over time. 26. Figure : Number of women elected in general elections. 27. Figure : Share of votes that were invalid. 29. Figure : Quality of governance under SMDP (1996 2006). and under LPV (2007 18). 30. Figure : Clientelism in PNG and internationally. 40. Figure : MPs and ministers by party in 2019. 42. Figure : Length of prime ministers' tenure. 43. Figure : Growth of licensed security companies. 99. Figure : Number of licensed guards. 100. Figure : Funding for five anti-corruption organisations, 2008 22 (2021 prices).

8 111. Figure : Population, 1975 2020. 127. Figure : Resource dependency, 1980 2019. 129. Figure : Agriculture and manufacturing as a share of non-resource GDP, 1980 2019. 129. Figure : GDP deflators and CPI index, 1983 2019. 130. xi PAPUA NEW GUINEA : GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY. Figure : Ratio of CPI to non-resource GDP deflator, 1983 2019. 131. Figure : Annual real GDP growth, 1977 2019. 131. Figure : GDP (from 1976) and non-resource GDP (from 1983). per capita, with different deflators, to 2019. 132. Figure : Non-resource GDP per capita and the four sub-periods of PNG's economic history post-independence, 1983 2019. 133. Figure : Commodity exports as a percentage of GDP, 1976 2019.

9 134. Figure : The composition of commodity exports by value, 1976 2019. 134. Figure : Export volume indices of copra, copra oil, rubber, tea, cocoa and coffee, 1976 2019. 134. Figure : Export volume indices of marine products, palm oil and logs, 1976 2019. 135. Figure : Composition of non-resource commodity exports by value, 1976 78 and 2017 19. 136. Figure : Resource export volume indices, 1976 2019. 136. Figure : Composition of resource commodity exports by value, 1976 78 and 2017 19. 137. Figure : PNG's commodity export terms of trade, 1975 2019. 138. Figure : USD price indices of some important commodities, 1976 2019. 138. Figure : The value of resource, agricultural, timber and marine exports (Kina billion in 2012 prices), 1977 2019.

10 139. Figure : Formal sector employment, totals and population percentage, 1975 2019. 140. Figure : Formal employment by sector, 1978 2019. 140. Figure : Urban and rural minimum weekly wage (Kina per week in 2012 prices), 1977 2019. 141. Figure : Exports, imports and the current account balance (% GDP), 1976 2019. 142. xii LIST OF FIGURES. Figure : The PGK AUD and PGK USD exchange rates, 1975 2019. 142. Figure : Real effective exchange rate index, 1980 2019. 144. Figure : Foreign exchange (FX) reserves, 1975 2019. 144. Figure : Government revenue and expenditure (% GDP), 1976 2019. 145. Figure : Non-resource revenue, resource revenue and aid (% GDP), 1976 2019.