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Parent Child Interaction Therapy with Domestic Violence ...

ORIGINAL ARTICLEP arent Child Interaction Therapy with DomesticViolence PopulationsJoaquin Borrego R. Gutow&Shira Reicher&Chikira H. BarkerPublished online: 19 March 2008#Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008 AbstractDomestic Violence continues to be a significantsocial problem impacting our society. Battered women andtheir children experience a myriad of negative conse-quences as a result of Domestic Violence . Of the possiblenegative sequelae that mothers and children experience, thedisrupted Parent Child relationship has received relativelylittle attention in the literature. Though psychosocialinterventions are available to treat women who experienceviolence and children who witness Violence , few interven-tions focus on the Parent Child relationship.

Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). Parent–Child Interaction Therapy PCIT is an evidenced-based, parent-focused, behavioral intervention for disruptive behavior problems in young children between the ages of 2 to 7 years (Brestan and Eyberg 1998; Hembree-Kigin and McNeil 1995; Schoenfield

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Transcription of Parent Child Interaction Therapy with Domestic Violence ...

1 ORIGINAL ARTICLEP arent Child Interaction Therapy with DomesticViolence PopulationsJoaquin Borrego R. Gutow&Shira Reicher&Chikira H. BarkerPublished online: 19 March 2008#Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008 AbstractDomestic Violence continues to be a significantsocial problem impacting our society. Battered women andtheir children experience a myriad of negative conse-quences as a result of Domestic Violence . Of the possiblenegative sequelae that mothers and children experience, thedisrupted Parent Child relationship has received relativelylittle attention in the literature. Though psychosocialinterventions are available to treat women who experienceviolence and children who witness Violence , few interven-tions focus on the Parent Child relationship.

2 This articledescribes Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a rela-tionship-based intervention. Although not initially devel-oped to treat Domestic Violence , PCIT has uniquecharacteristics that make it a promising intervention withthis population. A rationale for the use of PCIT withbattered women and their children is Child Interaction Child relationshipsIt is estimated that one in four women will experiencedomestic Violence and roughly million incidents of suchviolence will be reported each year (Center for DiseaseControl and Prevention2003). Not only are these situationsdetrimental for the victims, but often times children arewitnesses or even victims of the Violence themselves.

3 Asignificant number of children witness Domestic violenceeach year; and in 30 70% of Domestic Violence cases, childphysical abuse and other forms of Child maltreatment ( ,verbal abuse and neglect) co-occur (Rumm et ;Tajima2000). In addition, younger children are more likelythan older children to witness Domestic Violence (Fantuzzo ). As such, researchers have begun to examine theimpact of Domestic Violence on the Child and the family of Domestic Violence on FamiliesAs evidenced by recent statistics, Domestic violenceremains a significant social problem affecting not just thecouple, but the family as well.

4 Heightened parental conflictnegatively impacts children s academic, behavioral, andsocial emotional functioning (Riggio2004)andtheparents well being (Holden et ). Additionally,abused women may have limited social support networks(Levendosky and Graham-Bermann2001), and have poorrelationships with their children (McNeal and Amato1998).While some episodes of Domestic Violence remain con-cealed, statistics reveal that children may witness up to 75%of parental aggression (K rouac et ), which maylead a Child to imitate the aggression (DeVoe and Smith2002) or replicate it in future intimate relationships (Makeret ).

5 Effects of Domestic Violence on ChildrenAs previously mentioned, Child physical abuse and mal-treatment often co-occur with family Violence . Thus,children exposed to Domestic Violence share similarcharacteristics to children who have been physically abusedJ Fam Viol (2008) 23:495 505 DOI Borrego Jr. (*):C. H. BarkerDepartment of Psychology, Texas Tech University,Lubbock, TX 79409-2051, USAe-mail: R. Gutow:S. ReicherTowson University,Towson, MD, USA(Kitzmann et ). Children exposed to domesticviolence may have a wide range of externalizing andinternalizing problems (McCloskey et ). Morespecifically, research has found Child witnesses to haveincreased levels of aggression (Holden and Ritchie1991;Lemmey et ), anger (Adamson and Thompson1998), defiance toward parents (Lemmey et ), andsocial skill impairment (Fantuzzo et ).

6 As a consequence of witnessing Domestic Violence ,children often suffer symptoms of internalizing difficulties,such as elevated levels of depression and anxiety (Fantuzzoet ; Holden and Ritchie1991). Among one of themost commonly cited effects on children is traumatization,which can be exhibited through distress symptoms such asexcessive crying, sleep disturbance, fear, argumentative-ness, and nightmares (Kemp et ; Lemmey et ; Levendosky et ).Effects of Domestic Violence on the Parent ChildRelationshipDomestic Violence often has implications on parenting andthe Parent Child relationship as the quality of the Parent Child relationship is impacted by family Violence (Andersonand Cramer-Benjamin1999; Ybarra et ).

7 Severalfactors influence the quality of the Parent Child relationshipincluding marital satisfaction (Graham-Bermann2001), themother s psychological functioning (Holden and Ritchie1991; Levendosky and Graham-Bermann2001), and theparent Child attachment (Davies and Cummings1994).Consistent with an ecological model of parenting(Belsky1984), it is thought that a caregiver s stress level,available support, and psychological functioning are factorsthat predict parenting quality. Specifically, preoccupationwith life-stress and emotions may be associated withbattered mothers feeling less emotionally available (Holdenet ), as well as having a tendency to overlook orunderestimate the emotional impact of Domestic violenceon their children (Peled and Edleson1992).

8 In addition,being depressed, which frequently found in batteredwomen, has been associated with negative parenting(Levendosky et ).Research suggests that battered mothers often practiceinconsistent, unemotional, and ineffective parenting (Egelandand Susman-Stillman1996; Holden et ), or parentingthat could be determined to be reactive and punitive(Osofsky1998; Rossman and Rea2005). Further, somebattered mothers reportedly display less warmth toward theirchildren (Levendosky and Graham-Bermann2000). Thehigh rate of Parent Child conflict and reciprocal physicalaggression between mother and Child (Holden et ;Levendosky and Graham-Bermann2000) can impact par-enting strategies and the Parent Child relationship as authoritative parenting has been linked to morepositive Child behavior outcomes (Rossman and Rea2005),battered women and their children are at greater risk ofdisorganized and insecure mother Child attachments(Quinlivan and Evans2005; Zeanah et ).

9 There isalso an increased likelihood of diminished quality of thefather daughter relationship and less closeness betweenchildren and their mothers (McNeal and Amato1998). Theeffects of battering on parenting and the Parent childrelationship may also materialize in different ways. Evi-dence suggests that children tend to treat their mothers likethe abusive Parent (Levendosky and Graham-Bermann2000). Thus, behaviors and emotions displayed by theabuser ( , hitting and yelling) are observed in the Parent Child relationship. In their study of mothers and theirpreschool children, Levendosky et al. (2003) reported thatpreschool-aged children of battered mothers were lessfocused on tasks, interacted less positively, had fewerverbal interactions , and children physically sat further awayfrom their own mothers than children of non-batteredmothers.

10 Additionally, McCloskey et al. (1995) reportedthat children of battered women perceive less maternalsupport than children from non-violent families, which isconcerning as some studies suggest that when mothersshow less affection and are less supportive, young childrendisplay higher levels of aggressive behavior (Murray et ). Thus, recognition of the effects of Domestic violenceon the Parent Child relationship is of great importancewhen considering Violence InterventionsThe choice of treatment modality for children exposed todomestic Violence is dependent on a variety of factorsincluding, but not limited to, the family s safety, the Child ssymptomotology, and the practitioner s conceptualization offamily Violence .


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