Part I Satvahanas

1 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth1 Lecture 3 Post-Mauryan Era 2 (200 BCE 300 CE)Nikhil ShethVajiramand Ravi, 2021 Part ISatvahanasState-formation in Deccan for the first time12 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth2 Satvahanas Framework State Formation Origin of Satvahanas Some important Kings Struggle with Shakas Aspects of Polity/Religion/Society/EconomyPuranas 30 kings ruling for ~460 years Simuka Kanha SatkarniI NaneghatInscription of Queen Naganika Hala 17thking GautamiputraSatkarni(1stc CE) Nashik Prashastiby GautamiBalashri VashisthiputraPuluyami(mid 2ndc CE) VashisthiputraSatkarni YajnishriSatkarni34 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth3 NaneghatInscription World s oldest 2, 4, 7, 956 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth4 Nashik Prashastiby GautamiBalashri "Success!Inthenineteenth-19th-yearofking Siri-PulumayiVasithiputra,..thegreatquee nGotamiBalasiri,..themotherofthekingofki ngs,Siri-SatakaniGotamiputa, whowasinstrengthequaltomountHimavat,moun tMeru,mountMandara;kingofAsika,Asaka,Mul aka,Suratha,Kukura,Aparanta,Anupa,Vidabh a,Akaravanti; ; whosefacewasbeautifulandpurelikethelotus openedbytheraysofthesun;whosechargershad drunkthewaterofthreeoceans;whosefacewasl ovelyandradiantliketheorbofthefullmoon;w hosegaitwasbeautifullikethegaitofachoice elephant; (ofhumanactivity);whosympathisedfullywit hthewealandwoeofthecitizens; whocrusheddowntheprideandconceitoftheKsh atriyas;whodestroyedtheSakas,YavanasandP alhavas;whoneverleviednoremployedtaxesbu tinconformitytojustice;alientohurtinglif eeventowardsanoffendingenemy;thefurthere rofthehomesteadsofthelowaswellasofthetwi ce-born;whorootedouttheKhakharatarace;wh orestoredthegloryoftheSatavahanafamily;w hosefeetweresalutedbyallprovinces;whosto ppedthecontaminationofthefourvarnas;whoc onqueredmultitudesofenemiesinmanybattles .

2 Whosevictoriousbannerwasunvanquished;who secapitalwasunassailabletohisfoes; ..thefountainofgoodmanners;theuniquecont roller;theuniquearcher;theuniquehero;the uniqueBrahmana;inprowessequaltoKama,Kesa va,ArjunaandBhimasena;..lordof[Dakshina] patha,makingoverthemeritofthegifttohisfa ther,grantstothismeritoriousdonation( )thevillagePisajipadakaonthesouth-westsi deofmountTiranhu. Renunciationtotheenjoymentsofeverykind." 78 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth5 Part IISangam (Chankam) LiteratureAncient tamil Poetry Oral Literature, Bardic PoetryThree Sangams Traditional Narrative Classical Language Meaning of the term Sangam Dating Poets Nature Bardic and oralNoPlacePoetsYears1 Ancient Madurai (now submerged)444044402 Kapadapuram370037003 Madurai449 (473 identified)1850910 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth6 Sangam Corpus Sangam Era Literature (200 BCE -300 CE) 18 Major works (PathinenMelkanakku) 8 Anthologies (Ettutokoi) 10 Long Poems (Pattupattu) Tolkappiyam(Grammar work) Post-Sangam Literature (300 CE 600 CE) 18 Minor Works (PathinenKilkanakku) Mostly Ethical Poetry Most Popular Thirukkural Two Kavyas (Epics) Silappadikaramby Ilango Adigal Manimekalaiby SattanarEzhuthu Letters PhoneticsChol Words SyntaxPorul Subject-matter PoeticsTolkappiyam Akam and PuramPoemsAkam(interior/love/family)Pura m (war/heroic/material life)

3 Total Poems 2381 (some are missing today)Varying lengths (3-800 lines)1862519 Ettutokoi(8 anthologies)5 (egAkananuru)2 (eg Purunanuru)1 (Paripatal) is the mix of twoPattupattu(10 long idylls)37 Women s ! (Rule no one to be named) 785 (girls speech) 550 (heroine s speech) 72 (mother s voice) 51 (concubine) 401 Heroes or others not explicitly womenThe world of heroes Gruesome wars, laying waste the enemy territory Bravery of kings and warriors Patronage and mutual dependency of kings-poets1112 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth7 TinaiSystem of Classification Tinai-MayakkamcomplexityMudhal First Theme Time/SpaceKaru Seed Theme Deity/Flora/Fauna/Drum/Music/OccupationU ri Essential Theme The very essence of the poetryAkamTinaisTinaiEcozoneSubsistanceU riKurinjiHillsHunting and GatheringClandestine Meeting of the loversMullaiDry PasturesPatoralismHopeful Waiting of the wifeMarutamFertile River ValleyAgriculture (with plough and irrigation)

4 Man s infidelity and wife s sulkNeital/NeytalCoastal RegionFishing, salt-making etcWife s anxious wait for the return of her husbandPalaiArid/scrublandCattle-raids, waylayingLover s departure for education or adventure of earning money through wildernessTwo minor categories of inferior love Kilkkilai(one-sided, unrequited love) only 4 poemsPerumthanai(excessive lust) only 10 poems1314 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth8 Puram Tinais War themes Puram as a residual category Barely of total -total of 519 poems but important for historyTinaiUri ThemeVetchiCapturing enemy cattle as a prelude to warKaranthaiRetrieval of cattle after enemy raidKanchiInvading the enemyUlaignaiEncirclement of enemy fortificationsThumbaiWaging a warVagaiCelebrating war victoryPadanGlory in battle/charity/honourModern Day Analysis Marxist Perspective Uneven development of material progress Eco-criticism study of relationship between literature and its physical environment Reconstruction of history from Puram poetry Alternative literary theory1516 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth9 Sangam-era Polity Emerging state and monarchy Vendar, Velirand Kilar Internecine conflicts and alliances Legitimsationbases Inscription Titles (egko, kon)

5 Sangam Poetry eulogy Vedic Sacrifices Links with northern Epics Patronage to deities Patronage to JainaasceticsCheras Capital Vanji (Karuvar) Ports Tondi, Muziris Kings Udayinjeral, Nedunjeral(extended uptoHimalayas), Senguttuvan(greatest, started Pattinicult)Pandya Capital Madurai Port Korkai Kings Nedunjeliyan(battle of Talaiyanganam) Megasthenes comments women, pearls Embassy to Roman emperor AugustusChola Capital Uraiyur Port Puhar (Kaveripattinam) Kings Ellara/Ellan (captures Srilanka), Karikala(many heroic exploits, battle of Vanni, founded Puhar, embankment on Kaveri with Srilankanslaves, Kallinaidam)Sangam-era Society Social classification Varna system? Kuti clan-based decent groups Warrior ethic Glory and fame Heroic death spirit to heaven Natukal memorial stones Death rituals cutting body with marks to simulate battlefield death Funerary practices diversity (urn, cremation, exposure) Women numerous references doing variety of work Vibrant literary culture, higher education (kattikati)1718 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth10 Sangam Era AryanisationDebateMixed features radically opposite viewsProponents of Sanskrit dominance Magic touch of SanskritTamil Purists hoary antiquity unsullied by Sanskrit touch.

6 Aryan element superficial Vedic ideas and institution Deities (Shiva, Krishna-Mayon, Lakshmi-Tiru), ideas of karma, reincarnation, Rajasuyayajna Familiarity with Epic tradition Feeding the warring armies on Kurukshetra Madurai (sacred geography) Historical connections Aware of fabulous Nanda wealth tamil -Brahmi script Tolkappiyam introduction of marriage ritual Establishment of Brahmanas (10% sangampoets) Sanskrit + tamil conventions Animism dominant trend Indigenous deities Murugan(later Skanda-Kartikeya), Korravai(later Durga) Indigenous war sacrifice MarakkalaVelvi Worship of the dead heroes Caste distinction unknownAryanisationProcess in South India Legends of Agastya and Parashuram Cultural influences Process Pre-existing indigenous culture Voluntary adjusting to new prestigious values Selective adoption Roundabout route Reciprocal exchange 1920 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth11 Part IIID evelopment of TradeSignificant expansion of both overland and maritime tradeVivid and detailed description in literatureSome developments Expansion of Money economy Craft Specialisation, Localisationand Hereditary Guild organization significant progress Jataka mentions 18, inscriptional evidence also there Head Jetthaka/Pamukkha, Setthi Various additional functions including banking, judicial, philanthropy Special relationship with the king royal entourage.

7 Honorific Comments by Arthashastraand Manu Coins Development of commercial law Manu and Yajnavalkya2122 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth12 Trade routes Jatakastoriesoflongjourneyofcaravans Sangamliterature bustlingPuharandMaduraimarkets StrabomentionsboatsfromoceancominguptoPa taliputra PeriplusreferstomarkettownsofthewesternI ndia Paithan,Ter,SoparaetcPorts Western Coast Sindh Barabaricum Gujarat Dwarka, Barygaza Maharashtra Sopara, Calliene(Kalyan), Semylla(Chaul) Kerala Muziris Eastern Ports More information by the time of Ptolemy tamil Nadu Korkai, Kaveripattinam, Poduke(Arikamedu), Vasavasamudram Andhra Ghantashala/Kantaksola(ship-type coin, Periplus comment) Bengal Gangein Ptolemy, Tamralipti(Tamalites, Talactae)2324 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth13 Three main trading regions Rome, China, SE Asia Indo-Roman Oceanic Trade Age of Rome s commercial expansion Conquest of Egypt, demand for luxury Augustus (1stc BCE) Aurelius (2ndc CE) Disturbances in Parthia Hippalusdiscovered Monsoon?

8 Pepper black gold Overland Silk-Route China Trade Major demand for Silk trans-regional route Unified strong Han China Unifying Kushana empire protection/safety and possibly less traffic posts South-EastAsia Suvarnadvipa SEAsia,Ratnadvipa Srilanka(inMilindapanhoandJatajakatha) EvenArthashastramentionsKaleyaka InPost-MauryanEra emergenceofstatesSangam Poetry Beautiful Yavanaships come,Agitating white foams of Periyarriver,Laden with Gold and returned with pepper,And Muzirisresounded with sweet-smelling wine brought by Yavanas,In beautiful ships and drunk daily,From gold cups held by damsels who wore bright and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth142728 Vajiram and Ravi29-09-2021 Nikhil Sheth15 Additional ContentGreater India?Was it a political and cultural colonization of south-east Asia? Points LegendslikeKaundinyaBrahminandfoundation ofFunan,PrincesSuriratnafromAyodhyatoKor ea Oc-eoinMekongdelta mainport Satavahana Amaravatistyleinfluence SanskritandTamilinscriptionsWhyitshouldn otbecalledasIndiancoloniesorIndianisatio n?

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