PATHO PHYSIOLOGY BIBLE - Simple Nursing

1 1 82% on Your Next Nursing Test PATHO PHYSIOLOGY BIBLE OVER 70 CONCEPT MAPS 2 82% on Your Next Nursing Test Contents NEURO: CNS .. 7 Alzheimer s disease .. 7 PLAN OF care : Safety/ LOC/ stress free .. 7 Path PHYSIOLOGY .. 7 Brain Tumors .. 8 Path PHYSIOLOGY .. 9 Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) .. 10 PLAN OF care : neuro checks, pain Manage, decrease ICP, monitor RR, .. 10 Pathophysiology .. 10 Epilepsy .. 12 Pathophysiology .. 12 Head Injury .. 15 Pathophysiology .. 15 Traumatic Brain 15 Acquired Brain Injury .. 15 Multiple Sclerosis .. 17 Pathophysiology .. 17 Meningitis .. 19 Pathophysiology .. 19 Parkinson's Disease .. 20 Pathophysiology .. 20 Seizures .. 23 Pathophysiology .. 23 Spinal Cord Injury .. 26 Pathophysiology .. 26 NEURO: PNS .. 27 Guillain-Barre Syndrome .. 27 Pathophysiology .. 27 Myasthenia Gravis .. 29 Pathophysiology .. 29 Gastro Intestinal (Upper) .. 30 Esophageal Disorders .. 30 Pathophysiology .. 30 Gastritis .. 32 Pathophysiology.

2 32 Gastroesphageal Reflux Disease (GERD) .. 33 Pathophysiology .. 33 Hiatial Hernia .. 35 Pathophysiology .. 35 Peptic Ulcer Disease .. 37 Pathophysiology .. 37 Gastro Intestinal (Lower) .. 39 Appendicitis .. 39 Pathophysiology .. 39 3 82% on Your Next Nursing Test Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO) .. 41 Pathophysiology .. 41 Constipation .. 42 Pathophysiology .. 42 Causes of constipation: .. 42 Hernia .. 44 Pathophysiology .. 44 Symptoms of a hiatal hernia .. 44 Symptoms of inguinal and femoral hernias .. 44 Symptoms of an umbilical hernia .. 45 Symptoms of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia .. 45 Paralytic Illius .. 45 Pathophysiology .. 46 Causes of paralytic ileus .. 46 Ishemic Bowel .. 47 Pathophysiology .. 47 Volvulus .. 49 Pathophysiology .. 49 Diverticulitis .. 50 Pathophysiology .. 50 Resection of Intestines .. 52 Description .. 52 Why the Procedure is Performed .. 53 Risks .. 53 Inflammatory Bowel Disease .. 53 Pathophysiology .. 53 Colorectal 55 Pathophysiology .. 55 Dukes s Classification of Colorectal Cancer.

3 56 Orthopedics (BONES) .. 57 Hip Fracture .. 57 Pathophysiology .. 57 Total Knee Replacement (TKR).. 59 Pathophysiology .. 59 Long Bone Injury .. 59 Pathophysiology .. 59 Osteoarthritis (OA) .. 62 Pathophysiology .. 62 Etiology And Pathophysiology .. 62 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).. 64 Pathophysiology .. 64 Gout .. 65 Pathophysiology .. 65 Vascular Disorders .. 67 Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) .. 67 Pathophysiology .. 67 4 82% on Your Next Nursing Test Peripheral Vein Disease (PVD) .. 67 Pathophysiology .. 67 Aneurysms .. 68 Pathophysiology .. 68 I. Aortic Aneurysms: .. 69 II. Cerebral Aneurysm: Signs and symptoms of cerebral aneurysm are: .. 69 III. Peripheral Aneurysm: Signs and symptoms of peripheral aneurysm are as follows: .. 69 Respiratory .. 70 Bronchial Asthma .. 70 Pathophysiology .. 70 Bronchitis .. 71 Pathophysiology .. 71 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) .. 72 Pathophysiology .. 72 74 Pathophysiology .. 74 Hemothorax .. 75 Pathophysiology .. 75 Pneumonia.

4 77 Pathophysiology .. 77 80 Pathophysiology .. 80 Pulmonary Embolism .. 81 Pathophysiology .. 81 Respiratory 84 Pathophysiology .. 84 Tuberculosis (TB) .. 85 Pathophysiology .. 85 Upper Respiratory Infection (URI ) .. 86 Pathophysiology .. 86 CARDIAC (HEART) .. 87 Angina .. 87 Pathophysiology .. 87 Arrhythmias .. 89 Pathophysiology .. 89 Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS .. 90 Pathophysiology .. 90 Atrial Fibrillation (AFIB) .. 92 Pathophysiology .. 92 Cardiogenic 93 Pathophysiology .. 93 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG).. 95 Pathophysiology .. 95 Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) .. 96 Pathophysiology .. 96 5 82% on Your Next Nursing Test Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) .. 98 Pathophysiology .. 98 Hypertension (HTN) .. 101 Pathophysiology .. 101 Central Nervous System .. 101 Cardiovascular System .. 101 Renal System .. 101 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system.. 101 Hyperlipidemia (high cholestrol) .. 103 Pathophysiology .. 103 Myocardial Infarction .. 103 Pathophysiology.)

5 103 Pulmonary 105 Pathophysiology .. 105 Valvular Heart Diseas .. 106 Pathophysiology .. 106 Endocrine .. 108 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 .. 108 Pathophysiology .. 108 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 .. 110 Pathophysiology .. 110 Hyperglycemia .. 111 Pathophysiology .. 111 Hypoglycemia .. 114 Pathophysiology .. 114 Diabetic Ketone Acidosis (DKA) .. 117 Pathophysiology .. 117 Gallbladder, Liver & Appendix .. 117 Appendicitis .. 118 Pathophysiology .. 118 Cholecystitis .. 119 Pathophysiology .. 119 Acute Cholecystitis Pathophysiology .. 119 Acalculous Cholecystitis Pathophysiology .. 119 Hepatitis .. 121 Pathophysiology .. 121 Pancreatitis .. 123 Pathophysiology .. 123 Kidney (RENAL) .. 124 ARF (Acute Renal Failure).. 124 Pathophysiology .. 124 The clinical course of ARF is characterized by the following three phases: . 125 Phase 1. Onset .. 125 Phase 2. Maintenance .. 125 Phase 3. 125 CRF (Chronic Renal Failure) .. 127 6 82% on Your Next Nursing Test Pathophysiology .. 127 Nephrotic Syndrome.

6 130 Pathophysiology .. 130 Kindey Stone (Calculi) .. 131 Pathophysiology .. 131 Glomerulonephritis .. 133 Pathophysiology .. 133 Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) .. 134 Pathophysiology .. 134 UTI (urinary tract infection) .. 136 Pathophysiology .. 136 Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH) .. 138 Pathophysiology .. 138 7 82% on Your Next Nursing Test NEURO: CNS Alzheimer s disease PLAN OF care : Safety/ LOC/ stress free Path PHYSIOLOGY The classic neuropathology findings in AD include amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic and neuronal cell death. Granulovacuolar degeneration in the hippocampus and amyloid deposition in blood vessels might also be seen on tissue examination, but they are not required for the diagnosis Signs & Symptoms Early o Subtle changes such as forgetfulness o recent memory loss o poor concentration Late o Severe memory loss o Inability to hold a conversation o Inability to think abstractly or formulate concepts o Poor hygiene and grooming o Inappropriate dress o Inability to perform instrumental activities of daily living Behavioral changes o Depression o Anxiety o Wandering o Impulsive behavior o Catastrophic reactions o Imitation o Emotional liability o Withdrawal Nursing Dx Nursing Intervention Rationale Goal Impaired thought processes related to decline in cognitive function Risk for injury related to decline in cognitive function Anxiety related to Provide initial and ongoing assessments Administer prescribed medications.

7 Maximize effective communication Impairment of visual perception increases the risk of falling. Identify potential risks in the environment and heighten awareness so that caregivers Creating living conditions that are as stress-free as possible will help keep the patient calm and help strengthen his cognitive abilities, 8 82% on Your Next Nursing Test confused thought processes Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to cognitive decline Activity intolerance related to imbalance in activity/rest pattern Deficient self- care related to cognitive decline Impaired social interaction Deficient knowledge of family/caregiver related to care for patient as cognitive function declines Ineffective family processes related to decline in patient s cognitive function Maximize environmental safety Promote optimal functioning Optimize nutrition and fluid balance Optimize elimination Reducing anxiety and agitation Promoting independence in self- care activities Providing for socialization and intimacy needs Promoting balanced activity and rest Provide discharge planning more aware of the danger.

8 An impaired cognitive and perceptual disorder are beginning to experience the trauma as a result of the inability to take responsibility for basic security capabilities, or evaluating a particular situation. Maintain security by avoiding a confrontation that could improve the behavior / increase the risk for injury. Provide the basis for the evaluation / comparison that will come, and influencing the choice of intervention. Noise, crowds, the crowds are usually the excessive sensory neurons and can increase interference. Cause concern, especially in people with perceptual disorders. The name is a form of self-identity and lead to recognition of reality and the individual. Increasing the possibility of understanding. but that can be a tall order. Brain Tumors PLAN OF care : Decrease ICP, pain, n/v, photophobia, monitor RR & o2 9 82% on Your Next Nursing Test Path PHYSIOLOGY Brain tumors may be classified into several groups: those arising from the coverings of the brain ( , Dural meningioma), those developing in or on the cranial nerves ( , acoustic neuroma), those originating with in brain tissue and metastatic lesions originating elsewhere in the body.

9 Tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands and of cerebral blood vessels are also types of brain tumors. Relevant clinical considerations include the location and the histology character of the tumor. Tumors may be benign or malignant. A benign tumor CAN BE SERIOUS!! If occurs in a vital area and can grow large enough to have effects as serious as those of a malignant tumor. Signs & Symptoms Severe headache in the morning, increased when coughing, bending Convulsions Signs of increased intra-cranial pressure: blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, decreased auditory function, changes in vital signs, aphasia. Changes in personality Impaired memory Natural disturbance of taste Classic triad: o Headache o Papilledema (intra-ocular pressure) o Vomiting Nursing DX Nursing Intervention Rationale Goal Acute pain (headache), related to tumor and increase in intracranial pressure Disturbed body image, related to upcoming hair loss and cranial incision Clear the airway Monitor vital signs Monitor the breathing pattern, breath sounds Monitor blood gases Blood gas analysis Collaboration Oxygenation Monitor the pain scale Give a comfortable position Perform Massage Observation of non-verbal signs of pain Assess, emotional state Note the influence of pain Cold compresses on the head Use of therapeutic touch technique Observation of Perform pain assessment each time pain occurs.

10 Note and investigate changes from prev. report. reduced pain Impaired gas exchange can be resolved 10 82% on Your Next Nursing Test nausea, vomiting DRUGS: analgesic, relaxant, prednisone, anti-emetics Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) PLAN OF care : neuro checks, pain Manage, decrease ICP, monitor RR, Effective communication & LOC Pathophysiology In a stroke, the sudden interruption of blood supply to areas of the brain results in cerebral necrosis and impaired cerebral metabolism, which permanently damages brain tissues and produces focal neurologic deficit of varying severity. A cerebral aneurysm is prone to rupture, which causes blood to leak into the subarachnoid space (and sometimes into brain tissue, where it forms a clot), resulting in increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain tissue damage In a TIA, there is a temporary decrease in blood flow to a specific region of the brain, but there is no necrosis of brain tissue. The symptoms (lasting seconds to hours) produce transient neurologic deficits that completely clear within 12 to 24 hours.