Personality Psychology PSY405

1 Personality Psychology PSY405 Table of Contents: Page no. Lesson 1 The Nature of Personality 1 Lesson 2 Personality Measurement .. 8 Lesson 3 Main 12 Lesson 4 Sigmund Freud: A Psychoanalytic Theory Of 17 Lesson 5 Instinct: What Motivates Human Behavior? .. 21 Lesson 6 Psychoanalytic Theory Of Sigmund 25 Lesson 7 Theory Of Carl Jung (Analytical Psychology ).. 30 Lesson 8 The Psychological 32 Lesson 9 Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology ).. 34 Lesson 10 Individual .. 36 Lesson 11 Karen 39 Lesson 12 Adjustment To Basic 42 Lesson 13 Erik 45 Lesson 14 Erik Erikson (Continued).. 49 Lesson 15 Sullivan s Interpersonal Theory .. 53 Lesson 16 Sullivan s Interpersonal Theory (Continued).. 54 Lesson 17 Constitutional 60 Lesson 18 Sheldon s Somatotype 64 Lesson 19 Maslow s 68 Lesson 20 Maslow s Theory (Continued).. 73 Lesson 21 Rogers Person Centered 78 Lesson 22 Rogers Person Centered Approach (Continued).

2 82 Lesson 23 Rogers Person Centered Approach Continued).. 87 Lesson 24 Kelly s Cognitive Theory Of Personality 93 Lesson 25 Core Concepts Of George Kelly s Cognitive Theory Of 98 Lesson 26 Gordon Allport: A Trait Theory Of Personality .. 104 Lesson 27 Gordon Allport: A Trait Theory Of Personality (Continued).. 108 Lesson 28 Factor Analytic Trait Theory (Raymand Cattell).. 114 Lesson 29 Factor Analytic Trait Theory (Raymand Cattell) (Continued).. 119 Lesson 30 Henry Murray s Personology .. 123 Lesson 31 Henry Murray s Personology (Continued).. 128 Lesson 32 Albert Bandura s Social Learning Theory .. 133 Lesson 33 Albert Bandura s Social Learning Theory (Continued).. 137 Lesson 34 He Stimulus Response Theory Of Dollard And 143 Lesson 35 The Stimulus Response Theory Of Dollard And Miller (Continued).. 146 Lesson 36 Skinner s Theory Of 151 Lesson 37 Skinner s Theory Of Personality (Continued).

3 155 Lesson 38 Albert Ellis Theory Of 160 Lesson 39 The Grand Perfect Theory Of Personality .. 166 Lesson 40 Perspectives Or Domains Of Personality 169 Lesson 41 Perspectives Or Domains Of Personality Psychology (Continued).. 173 Lesson 42 Perspectives Or Domains Of Personality Psychology (Continued).. 178 Lesson 43 The Grand Theory Of 184 Lesson 44 Personality 191 Lesson 45 Personality Psychology : New Directions In The 200 Personality Psychology PSY 405 VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 1 Lesson 1 THE NATURE OF Personality THEORY What sort of creatures are we? Ever since the beginning of recorded history, the most significant riddle or question to be answered is the What sort of creatures are we? A great many avenues have been explored, with an enormous variety of concepts employed yet a satisfactory answer still is not there.

4 1-Individual differences - Of the several billion people who presently inhabit the earth, no two individuals are exactly alike even the identical twins. One important reason for the difficulty in getting a clear answer is that human beings come in many shapes and sizes and behave in exceedingly complex ways. There are so many differences to be accounted for biological, physical, genetics, social and psychological. The vast differences among them have made it difficult, if not impossible, to identify what they share in common as members of the human race. Personality Psychology is concerned with the differences among the people. Example: The convicted terrorist or murderer, the priest, the corrupt politician. Thus it is hard to imagine what human nature or characteristics or traits these fellow human beings have in common, and when we expand our horizons to include people of other cultures, we find even greater diversity in values, aspirations, and styles of life.

5 Psychology along with Astrology, theology, philosophy, and the life sciences are but a few of the many disciplines that the quest to understand human nature. Some of these avenues have proved to be dead ends, while others are just beginning to flourish. Today the problem to understand human nature is more pressing than ever, huge population explosion, global unrest, ecological pollution, racial prejudice, poverty are brought about by the behavior of people. It may not be overstating the case, therefore, to say that the quality of human life in the future, indeed our very survival, may depend upon an increased understanding of human nature. Psychology is deeply committed to this undertaking. Objectives of Personality Psychology The science of Psychology is directly concerned with the problem of understanding human Personality within the framework of the science of Psychology .

6 Scientifically based concepts and methods of Personality Psychology will ultimately prove to be of most value in understanding the complex nature of human behavior. (1) To have a general, integrated and clear concept about Personality (2) To understand Personality assessment (3) To identify several important Theories of Personality (4) To identify key themes in Theories of Personality . What makes Personality Psychology a science? The process of converting speculations or opinions or beliefs about human nature into concepts that can be studied and tested empirically it is a process beset by many hazards; indeed, efforts to establish a science of persons . It may seem fascinating to try to gain insight into the causes of our behavior and development. Psychologists resist to objectifying Personality within the field of Psychology , because it undermines human uniqueness and complexity instead, they concentrate on the qualities of human beings such as literature, art, history and religion which may each provide valuable insights into human behavior.

7 A second objective of Personality Psychology is to help people live their lives more fully and satisfyingly by finding ways to promote more healthy patterns of growth. These efforts include new forms of Personality Psychology PSY 405 VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2psychotherapy, various special learning programs, and changes in the psychological environment intended to permit people to develop to their full potential. Theories of Personality Different systems of consistent constellations of concepts called theories of Personality . Each theory is about human nature and the goal of each theory is the understanding of the diversity and complexity of the whole person functioning in the real world. Theory refers to unsubstantiated hypothesis or speculation concerning reality that is not definitely known but when a theory has confirmatory data or evidence it is a fact.

8 1. A theory is useful when it can efficiently generate predictions and propositions 2. A theory should contain two parts a cluster of relevant assumptions systematically related to each other and a set of empirical definitions What purpose do theories of Personality serve? Theories of Personality represent elaborate speculation or hypotheses about why people behave as they do and they serve the following functions 1. A Personality theory is descriptive. In other words, a theory provides a meaningful framework ( a kind of map) for simplifying and integrating all that is known about a related set of events. For example, without the benefit of theory, it would be very difficult to explain why 5-year-old boy has a romantic attraction to his mother along with undue resentment toward his father. Armed with a theory that posits the universality of these emotions at a certain stage of Personality development (along with a rationale of their emergence), but at least we would be consistent in making sense of these feelings in children.

9 A good Personality theory, then, provides a meaningful context within which human behavior can be consistently described and interpreted. 2. A theory should not only describe past and present events but also predict future ones. The second function of a Personality theory is therefore to provide a basis for the prediction of events and outcomes that have not yet occurred. 3 This purpose clearly implies that a theory s concepts must be testable and capable of being confirmed or disconfirmed. For example, a theory should furnish a basis for predicting specific changes in Raymond s behavior as a function of parental treatment. What will happen if his mother actively encourages these feelings? Not only should such general predictions be possible but, ideally, the concepts of a theory should be formulated to permit rigorous and precise empirical testing.

10 A good Personality theory directly stimulates psychological research. Conversely, the scientific value of theories that are untestable is still unknown. What does it means to be a human being? 4. Personality theorists are people, and, like the rest of us, they hold divergent views about human nature. Some theorists, for example, believe that human actions have their roots in unconscious motives whose true nature is outside the individual s awareness and whose sources lie deeply buried in the distant past. Others believe that people are reasonably aware of their real motives and that their behavior is primarily a result of present conditions. Whatever each theorist s specific beliefs may be, we contend that Personality theorists have different basic assumptions about human nature, and that their theories can be distinguished from one another on this basis (Abraham Maslow and Sigmund Freud) - Our point is simply that the foundations of a Personality theory are rooted in the basic assumptions of the theorist; a theory s implications about human nature, , about what humans are?