Transcription of Phased Array Antenna Handbook - Free
1 Phased Array Antenna HandbookSecond EditionFor a listing of recent titles in theArtech House Antennas and Propagation Library,turn to the back of this Array Antenna HandbookSecond EditionRobert J. MaillouxLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMailloux, Robert Array Antenna Handbook / Robert J. Mailloux. 2nd cm. (Artech House antennas and propagation library)Includes bibliographical references and 1-58053-689-1 (alk. paper)1. Phased Array Title. II. 4 dc222005041996 British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataMailloux, Robert Array Antenna Handbook . 2nd ed. (Artech House antennas andpropagation library)1. Phased Array antennasI. 824 ISBN 1-58053-689-1 Cover design by Leslie Genser 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, Canton StreetNorwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved.
2 Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of thisbook may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service markshave been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of thisinformation. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity ofany trademark or service Standard Book Number: 1-58053-689-110987654321To my love Marlene,and to my daughters Patrice, Julie, and Denise,each uniquely different, but each wonderful.
3 I so love you to the Second EditionxiPreface to the First EditionxiiiAcknowledgmentsxvCHAPTER 1 Phased Arrays in Radar and Communication System Requirements for Radar and Communication Array Characterization for Radar and Communication Fundamental Results from Array Array Size Time-Delay Array Architecture and Control Array Feed Beamforming Modalities and Relevant RF Components for Array Control55 References59 CHAPTER 2 Pattern Characteristics of Linear and Planar Array The Radiation Element Pattern Effects, Mutual Coupling, Gain Computedfrom Element Characteristics of Linear and Planar Linear Array Planar Array Scanning to Thinned Average Patterns of Density-Tapered Probabilistic Studies of Thinned Thinned Arrays with Quantized Amplitude Distributions99 References107viiviiiContentsCHAPTER 3 Pattern Synthesis for Linear and Planar Linear Arrays and Planar Arrays with Separable Fourier Transform Schelkunov s (Schelkunoff s) Woodward Dolph-Chebyshev Taylor Line Source Modified Bayliss Line Source Difference Synthesis Methods Based on Taylor Patterns.
4 Elliott sModified Taylor Patterns and the Iterative Method of Discretization of Continuous Aperture Illuminations by RootMatching and Synthesis of Patterns with Complex Roots and Power Circular Planar Taylor Circular Array Bayliss Difference Patterns for Circular Methods of Pattern Optimization/Adaptive Pattern Adaptive Generalized S/N Optimization for Sidelobe Cancelers, Phasedand Multiple-Beam Operation as Sidelobe Fully Adaptive Phased or Multiple-Beam Wideband Adaptive Generalized Patterns Using Covariance Matrix Pattern Synthesis Using Measured Element Patterns176 References180 CHAPTER 4 Patterns of Nonplanar Methods of Analysis for General Conformal Patterns of Circular and Cylindrical Phase Mode Excitation of Circular Patterns and Elevation Circular and Cylindrical Arrays of Directional Sector Arrays on Conducting Spherical and Hemispherical Truncated Conical Arrays221 References221 ContentsixCHAPTER 5 Elements for Phased Array Polarization Characteristics of Infinitesimal Elements in Free Electric
5 Current (Wire) Antenna Effective Radius of Wire Structures with Noncircular The Dipole and the Special Feeds for Dipoles and Dipoles Fed The Sleeve Dipole and The Bowtie and Other Wideband The Folded Microstrip Other Wire Antenna Broadband Flared-Notch, Vivaldi, and Aperture Antenna Slot Waveguide Ridged Waveguide Horn Microstrip Patch Microstrip The Balanced Fed Radiator of Elements for Alternative Transmission Elements and Row (Column) Arrays for One-Dimensional Waveguide Slot Array Line Source Printed Circuit Series-Fed Elements and Polarizers for Polarization Diversity277 References282 CHAPTER 6 Summary of Element Pattern and Mutual Impedance Mutual Impedance Integral Equation Formulation for Radiation and Coupling in Finiteand Infinite Formulation and Results for Finite Formulation and Results for Infinite Array Blindness and Surface Impedance and Element Patterns in Well-Behaved Infinite Semi-Infinite and Finite Impedance Matching for Wide Angle and Wideband Reduced Element Dielectric WAIM Mutual Coupling Phenomena for Nonplanar Small Arrays and Waveguide Simulators for the
6 Evaluation of PhasedArray Scan Several Useful Simulators344 References346 CHAPTER 7 Array Error Effects of Random Amplitude and Phase Errors in Periodic Average Pattern Beam Pointing Peak Sidelobe Levels Due to Periodic Phase, Amplitude, and Characteristics of an Array of Uniformly IlluminatedContiguous Phase Quantization in a Uniformly Illuminated Reduction of Sidelobes Due to Phase Subarrays with Quantized Amplitude Time Delay at the Subarray Discrete Phase or Time-Delayed Subarrays with QuantizedSubarray Amplitudes375 References377 CHAPTER 8 Special Array Feeds for Limited Field-of-View and Wideband Multiple-Beam Beam Crossover Orthogonality Loss and the Stein Multiple-Beam Matrices and Optical Antenna Techniques for Limited Field-of-View Minimum Number of Periodic and Aperiodic Arrays for Limited Field of Constrained Network for Completely Overlapped Reflectors and Lenses with Array
7 Practical Design of a Dual-Transform Wideband Scanning Broadband Arrays with Time-Delayed Offset Contiguous Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Overlapped Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems459 References467 List of Symbols473 About the Author477 Index479 Preface to the Second EditionThe second edition follows the same basic format as the first, but it is updated toimprove clarity in some cases or to present material in a manner more useful forengineering use, but mostly to reflect the advances in technology that have takenplace since the first edition s publication in 1994. The goal of the text is the same:to present the subject of arrays with the broad coverage of a Handbook forengineering use, but to include enough details so that the interested reader canreproduce many of the more important results and benefit from the insights thatthe mathematics provide.
8 Equation ( ) of Chapter 1 expresses the Array far fieldas the product of an element pattern and the time delayed Array factor. Thisequation does not represent any practical Array and in fact the interesting aspectsof Array technology are precisely those that are not included in this equation. Theequation does not even hint at the constraints that have been the real drivers ofarray technology since the technology has progressed primarily because of limitations imposed bypractical engineering; by the cost, size, weight, manufacturability, and the electro-magnetic issues of polarization, sidelobe and gain requirements, the limitations ofphase, and amplitude control and reliability. These have driven the whole technol-ogy to invention and progress.
9 In the 11 years since the first publication of thisbook, these stimuli have led to much more extensive use of printed antennas,conformal arrays, solid-state T/R modules, time-delay devices, optical and digitalbeamforming, and a variety of new and more powerful methods of computationand edition includes a number of new features and a large number of addedmodern references. Sections on components and devices for Array control and onoverall control choices have been added to Chapter 1 in order to highlight thetechnologies involved in Array architecture and to explain the design limitationsimposed by these components. This chapter also includes a revised section on arraynoise calculation. Pattern synthesis has also progressed significantly throughoutthe past 11 years since the first edition was published, but mostly through theuse of numerical optimization techniques like neural network synthesis, geneticalgorithms, and synthetic annealing.
10 Although not able to devote the space forcomplete discussions of these techniques, I did include enough detail to allow thepractical use of the alternating projection method because of its ready adaptabilityto Array synthesis and the ease of handling various constraints. Additional synthesistopics included are the formation of troughs in Array patterns by modifying thearray covariance matrix and a discussion and added references on Array failurexixiiPreface to the Second Editioncorrection. Material and references have also been added to describe new elementsfor arrays including microstrip, stripline, and wideband flared notch 8 has had significant changes and inclusion of new material, mostimportantly to emphasize the new work of Skobelev and colleagues, who havemade a significant contribution to antennas that have a limited field of view.
